Table 2.

Differences in Pessimism Associated With Adult and Childhood SES and Tibia Lead Using Natural Scale (Unstandardized) Units (95% Confidence Interval) Controlling for Age and Health Behaviors (n = 407) in a Subgroup of the VA Normative Aging Study, United States, between 1991 and 2002

Variable	Differences in Pessimism
	Model 1 (Tibia and Adult SES)		Model 2 (Tibia, Adult, and Childhood SES)
	Effect Estimate	95% CI	Effect Estimate	95% CI
Tibia lead (per IQR increasea)	0.37*	0.07, 0.66	0.30	0.00, 0.61
Adult SES (per 1-unit increase)	−0.47*	−0.68, −0.25	−0.41*	−0.63, −0.19
Childhood SES (per 1-unit increase)			−0.42*	−0.80, −0.04
R2	0.09		0.10

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; IQR, interquartile range; SES, socioeconomic status; VA, Department of Veterans Affairs.

* P < 0.05 (using structural equation modeling).

^aIQR increase: 14 μg/g.