Fig. 8.

Response elements and interplays among CES1, BSEP, and CYP7A1. (A) CES1A1 and BSEP guggulsterone response elements. The antioxidant response elements (ARE) are italicized, whereas the activator protein-1 sites (AP-1) are bolded. (B) Multiple interplays among metabolism, CES1/BSEP induction, lipid retention, and bile acid synthesis The arrows point to the targets that an enzyme or compound acts on or is converted into. When two arrows points to the same target, the solid line denotes a major effect and the dotted line denotes a minor effect. The double-lined arrow denotes an increased role when the induction of CES1 exceeds the capacity of bile acid synthesis.