Table 3. Risk factors associated with mean BPD z-score as a measure of early fetal growth restriction.
| Univariate | Multivariate (n = 2972) | |||||
| Frequency (%) | Coefficient (95% CI) | P-value | Coefficient (95%CI) | P-value | ||
| Teenager | No | 3,210 (84.9) | ||||
| Yes | 569 (15.1) | −0.02 (−0.13, 0.08) | 0.66 | * | NS | |
| Primigravida | No | 2,848 (75.4) | ||||
| Yes | 931 (24.6) | 0.07 (−0.02, 0.16) | 0.10 | * | NS | |
| Smoking | No | 2,893 (76.8) | ||||
| Yes | 876 (23.2) | 0.04 (−0.05, 0.12) | 0.43 | * | NS | |
| Low MUAC | No | 2,801 (96.0) | ||||
| Yes | 116 (4.0) | 0.07 (−0.14, 0.29) | 0.51 | * | NS | |
| Short | No | 2,995 (89.2) | ||||
| Yes | 362 (10.8) | 0.04 (−0.09, 0.16) | 0.58 | * | NS | |
| Low BMI | No | 2,738 (81.6) | ||||
| Yes | 619 (18.4) | 0.18 (0.08, 0.28) | 0.001 | 0.15 (0.04, 0.26) | 0.005 | |
| Weight loss | No | 2,396 (80.5) | ||||
| Yes | 581 (19.5) | 0.09 (−0.02, 0.19) | 0.10 | 0.11 (0.00, 0.21) | 0.05 | |
| Anaemia | No | 2152 (56.9) | ||||
| Yes | 1627 (43.1) | 0.16 (0.09, 0.24) | <0.001 | $ | ||
| Malaria | No | 3,443 (91.1) | ||||
| Yes | 336 (8.9) | 0.47 (0.34, 0.60) | <0.001 | 0.50 (0.36, 0.63) | <0.001 | |
| Symptomatic malaria | No | 169 (50.6) | ||||
| Yes | 165 (49.4) | 0.05 (−0.19, 0.30) | 0.68 | * | NS | |
| Newborn gender | M | 1,936 (51.2) | ||||
| F | 1,843 (48.8) | 0.25 (0.18, 0.33) | <0.001 | 0.25 (0.17,0.34) | <0.001 | |
Significant differences are shown in bold.
BMI body mass index, MUAC middle upper arm circumference, NS not significant.
*Not included in the multivariate analysis.
$
Anaemia was highly collinear with malaria, and the co-variates in the multivariate model were unchanged when anaemia was adjusted for or not.