Figure 3. Production of Th2 cytokines in the duodenal mucosa of hookworm infected individuals.

Duodenal biopsies from Trial 1, taken from either the duodenum at week 20 post-infection or from directly adjacent to an adult hookworm attachment site (HW site – determined by endoscopy) at week 21 in the hookworm group only, were cultured for 24 h in tissue culture medium at 37°C with 95% O₂/5% CO₂. Cell supernatants were removed and levels of IL-4 (A), IL-5 (B) and IL-13 (C) were determined using a Cytometric Bead Array. Data were analysed by Mann-Whitney U test.