Figure 4. Ex vivo cytokine gene expression in the duodenal mucosa of hookworm infected individuals.

Duodenal biopsies from Trial 2 were taken before (week 0) and 20 weeks after hookworm infection, and RNA was prepared ex vivo. Levels of IL-4 (A) IL-5 (B), IL-13 (C), IL-9 (D), GATA-3 (E), Foxp3 (F), TGF-β (G), ALDH1A2 (H), IFN-γ (I), IL-15 (J), IL-17A (K), IL-23 (L) and RORγt (M) transcripts were determined by quantitative real time RT-PCR.