Table 1.

Distribution of Birth Defects in the Treatment and Control Associated Groups

Birth Defect Type	Control group		Treatment group		Total study sample
	Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent
Abdominal wall defect	7	1.88	5	1.04	12	1.40
Anencephaly	9	2.41	5	1.04	14	1.64
Spina bifida	4	1.07	2	0.41	6	0.70
Brain defect	28	7.51	41	8.49	69	8.06
Cephalocele	3	0.80	8	1.66	11	1.29
Eye anomaly	14	3.75	22	4.55	36	4.21
Microtia	10	2.68	23	4.76	33	3.86
Congenital heart defect	32	8.58	48	9.94	80	9.35
Lung hypoplasia	1	0.27	2	0.41	3	0.35
Esophageal atresia	3	0.80	4	0.83	7	0.82
Gut anomaly	2	0.54	3	0.62	5	0.58
Genitalia defect	13	3.49	15	3.11	28	3.27
Kidney defect	7	1.88	23	4.76	30	3.50
Talipes	27	7.24	31	6.42	58	6.78
Polydactyly	26	6.97	17	3.52	43	5.02
Syndactyly	10	2.68	8	1.66	18	2.10
Limb reduction defect	7	1.88	17	3.52	24	2.80
Hip dislocation	1	0.27	2	0.41	3	0.35
Arthrogryposis	7	1.88	4	0.83	11	1.29
Axial defect	10	2.68	3	0.62	13	1.52
Hydrops	2	0.54	0	0.00	2	0.23
Situs inversus	1	0.27	0	0.00	1	0.12
Syndromes	24	6.43	17	3.52	41	4.79
Minor anomalies	90	24.13	143	29.61	233	27.22
Other anomalies	35	9.38	40	8.28	75	8.76

The Table reports the distribution of all the other birth defects besides CL/P observed in the associated cases. Minor anomalies angioma, neonatal tooth, gum/tongue anomaly, undescended testes, nevus, micorgnathia and other minor anomalies. Other anomalies include other eye anomalies, anomalies of the neck, nose, trachea, skull shape and muscle. Also included are other unspecified birth defects (1 birth defect in the control group and 17 birth defects in the treatment group). The distributions of birth defect types between the treatment and control groups are different at p = 0.027 based on a chi-square test of independence. However, the test result should be viewed with caution given the very low frequencies of several birth defect types.