DHFR. (a) Figure 4 from Villafranca et al, used by permission, showing urea gradient gel electrophoresis equilibrium denaturation of reduced and oxidized P39C DHFR. (b) Simulated equilibrium denaturation curve from GeoFold. The axes have been reversed to match the image. (c) DHFR ribbon showing location of engineered disulfide and first unfolding steps in the inside-out pathway, hinge h, and the outside-in pathway, pivot p.