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Summary of environmental confounders on childhood immunity
| Confounder | Impact | Outcome for child |
|---|---|---|
| Socio-economic | Crowding | High antigen exposure and transmission |
| Seasonality | Instability of pit latrines Contaminated water Optimal pathogen survival | Recurrent enteric infections Malaria and non-typhoidal Salmonella co-infections |
| Childhood malnutrition | Zinc deficiency | Poor dendritic cell function Reduced T-cell numbers Thymic atrophy |
