Postprandial endocrine responses. Mean (±SEM) and AUCt (inset) postprandial insulin (A), GLP-1 (B), and ghrelin (C) concentrations after ingestion of study preloads; n = 52. Comparisons were based on repeated-measures ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni multiple-comparison tests. The bracket indicates time allotted for preload demonstration and consumption. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments at a given time point: a,b,cDifferences between L-L and L-S, S-L, or S-S preloads, respectively; P < 0.05. d,eDifferences between L-S and S-L or S-S preloads, respectively; P < 0.05. Different symbols indicate significant differences between treatment AUCt, P < 0.05. AUCt, total AUC; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; L-L, oral liquid/perceived gastric liquid; L-S, oral liquid/perceived gastric solid; S-L, oral solid/perceived gastric liquid; S-S, oral solid/perceived gastric solid.