TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the cohort studies included in the pooled analysis of dietary carotenoid intakes and risk of breast cancer characterized by ER and PR status in the Pooling Project of Prospective Studies of Diet and Cancer1
| Mean follow-up time | Number of cases |
Median (10th, 90th percentile) dietary carotenoid intake |
|||||||||||
| Study (abbreviation) | Baseline cohort size2 | Baseline age range | Total | ER+ | ER− | PR+ | PR− | α-Carotene | β-Carotene | β-Cryptoxanthin | Lutein/zeaxanthin | Lycopene | |
| n | y | y | μg/d | ||||||||||
| Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) | 6000 | 45–69 | 11.6 | 367 | 193 | 31 | 163 | 48 | 510 (155, 1513) | 2649 (1187, 6138) | 82 (30, 207) | 1375 (714, 2974) | 4608 (1918, 9661) |
| Black Women's Health Study (BWHS) | 52,576 | 21–69 | 11.5 | 670 | 416 | 254 | 326 | 331 | 417 (92, 1555) | 2772 (936, 7393) | 120 (34, 289) | 1711 (595, 5018) | 2964 (1161, 7142) |
| Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project Follow-up Study (BCDDP) | 42,061 | 40–93 | 8.4 | 1305 | 793 | 166 | 667 | 270 | 370 (96, 1125) | 2621 (1110, 6377) | 79 (10, 198) | 1708 (607, 5610) | 1134 (242, 3176) |
| California Teachers Study (CTS) | 100,067 | 22–104 | 7.6 | 2696 | 1930 | 343 | 1544 | 625 | 369 (105, 1090) | 1862 (869, 3971) | 75 (19, 218) | 1070 (451, 2432) | 1883 (834, 3685) |
| Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort (CPSII) | 74,138 | 50–74 | 9.3 | 2999 | 1835 | 323 | 1483 | 561 | 287 (90, 799) | 2202 (968, 4807) | 67 (9, 152) | 1359 (446, 3903) | 3748 (1422, 8203) |
| Canadian National Breast Screening Study (CNBSS) | 45,185 | 40–59 | 16.3 | 1240 | 367 | 125 | 309 | 140 | 769 (274, 1875) | 4153 (2254, 8002) | 69 (16, 153) | 2246 (1007, 5630) | 6433 (1776, 17,875) |
| CLUE II: Campaign Against Cancer and Heart Disease (CLUE II) | 8867 | 18–93 | 14.9 | 306 | 208 | 56 | 176 | 86 | 209 (47, 639) | 1733 (660, 3971) | 39 (4, 138) | 1114 (300, 3505) | 879 (230, 2344) |
| Iowa Women's Health Study (IWHS) | 34,584 | 55–69 | 15.9 | 1849 | 1329 | 238 | 1117 | 388 | 486 (225, 1611) | 3828 (1793, 7972) | 56 (11, 156) | 2206 (909, 5024) | 3324 (1168, 7850) |
| Japan Public Health Center–based Study Cohort I (JPHC1) | 21,609 | 40–59 | 13.7 | 289 | 111 | 69 | 87 | 82 | 279 (122, 570) | 2168 (1140, 3634) | 502 (183, 892) | —3 | 854 (370, 5557) |
| Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS) | 22,456 | 31–75 | 13.2 | 799 | 493 | 171 | 420 | 240 | 1012 (372, 1928) | 4621 (2490, 7644) | 293 (88, 660) | 1478 (750, 2587) | 5583 (2329, 11,055) |
| Netherlands Cohort Study (NLCS) | 62,573 | 55–69 | 13.2 | 2013 | 700 | 183 | 361 | 199 | 543 (181, 1274) | 2554 (1442, 4643) | 169 (25, 460) | 2229 (1327, 3749) | 886 (185, 2312) |
| NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study (AARP) | 200,758 | 50–71 | 7.1 | 5983 | 2321 | 465 | 1916 | 787 | 654 (226, 2259) | 3584 (1518, 9230) | 167 (52, 389) | 2403 (1182, 6073) | 5366 (2464, 11486) |
| Nurses’ Health Study (a) (NHSa) | 88,618 | 34–59 | 6.3 | 1122 | 528 | 255 | 389 | 304 | 531 (236, 1697) | 3579 (1542, 8951) | 237 (80, 442) | 3012 (1384, 11051) | 1131 (234, 3101) |
| Nurses’ Health Study (b) (NHSb)4 | 68,394 | 40–69 | 18.2 | 4467 | 3075 | 757 | 2475 | 1276 | 586 (207, 1417) | 3563 (1792, 6793) | 165 (64, 317) | 2548 (1167, 4961) | 5775 (2900, 11,464) |
| Nurses’ Health Study II (NHSII) | 93,778 | 27–44 | 11.7 | 1331 | 846 | 303 | 765 | 369 | 506 (135, 1294) | 2863 (1250, 5896) | 100 (40, 223) | 2061 (856, 4397) | 5435 (2930, 11<217) |
| Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO) | 28,292 | 55–74 | 9.1 | 1090 | 858 | 137 | 758 | 227 | 1040 (455, 2201) | 4293 (2266, 7999) | 160 (63, 314) | 2372 (1422, 4295) | 7903 (4207, 14<243) |
| Swedish Mammography Cohort (SMC) | 60,950 | 40–74 | 15.2 | 2605 | 1605 | 384 | 1308 | 673 | 542 (113, 1640) | 2289 (937, 5292) | 239 (21, 936) | 1145 (561, 1960) | 820 (136, 2258) |
| Women's Health Study (WHS) | 38,385 | 45–89 | 9.7 | 1177 | 937 | 187 | 819 | 288 | 590 (183, 1577) | 3557 (1682, 7065) | 44 (9, 133) | 2869 (1107, 6272) | 7111 (3078, 15<485) |
| Women's Lifestyle and Health Study (WLHS) | 47,514 | 30–49 | 14.9 | 1072 | 737 | 196 | 613 | 309 | 402 (98, 1494) | 1676 (655, 4554) | 108 (20, 344) | 1042 (238, 2672) | 706 (129, 1785) |
| Total | 1,028,438 | 33,380 | 19,282 | 4643 | 15,696 | 7203 | |||||||
ER, estrogen receptor; ER+, estrogen receptor positive; ER−, estrogen receptor negative; PR, progesterone receptor; PR+, progesterone receptor positive; PR−, progesterone receptor negative.
Cohort size reflects the size after application of study-specific exclusion criteria and further exclusion of participants with energy intakes >3 SDs of their loge-transformed study-specific mean energy intake and history of cancer diagnosis at baseline (except for nonmelanoma skin cancer); the Netherlands Cohort Study was analyzed as a case-cohort study, and the above exclusions were not applied to its baseline cohort size.
Intake was not assessed, and the Japan Public Health Center–based Study was excluded from the analysis on lutein/zeaxanthin.
We analyzed the Nurses’ Health Study as 2 different cohorts [1980–1986, Nurses’ Health Study (a); 1986–2006, Nurses’ Health Study (b)]; The Nurses’ Health Study (b) was not included in the total cohort size because these participants were included in the Nurses’ Health Study (a).