TABLE 3.
HR and 95% CI for MetS by increasing quintiles of nutrient intake estimates in 3828 MESA participants12
| Quintiles of energy-adjusted nutrient intakes |
||||||
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P-trend | |
| n | 765 | 766 | 765 | 766 | 766 | |
| Heme iron, mg/d | ≤0.45 | 0.46–0.63 | 0.64–0.80 | 0.81–1.08 | ≥1.09 | |
| Model 1 | REF | 1.08 (0.86, 1.35) | 1.00 (0.80, 1.26) | 1.27 (1.02, 1.59) | 1.14 (0.90, 1.43) | 0.17 |
| Model 2 | REF | 1.07 (0.85, 1.36) | 1.02 (0.80, 1.30) | 1.28 (1.01, 1.63) | 1.06 (0.81, 1.40) | 0.55 |
| Nonheme iron, mg/d | ≤8.5 | 8.6–9.9 | 10.0–11.3 | 11.4–13.4 | ≥13.5 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.79, 1.23) | 1.04 (0.82, 1.31) | 1.21 (0.96, 1.53) | 1.01 (0.78, 1.31) | 0.67 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.81, 1.28) | 1.06 (0.83, 1.36) | 1.22 (0.94, 1.57) | 0.95 (0.70, 1.29) | 0.95 |
| Zn, mg/d | ≤6.7 | 6.8–7.6 | 7.7–8.4 | 8.5–9.7 | ≥9.8 | |
| Model 1 | REF | 0.99 (0.79, 1.25) | 1.20 (0.96, 1.50) | 1.10 (0.88, 1.38) | 1.26 (1.01, 1.57) | 0.03 |
| Model 2 | REF | 1.00 (0.78, 1.28) | 1.20 (0.93, 1.55) | 1.13 (0.85, 1.49) | 1.33 (0.97, 1.82) | 0.06 |
| Mg, mg/d | ≤206 | 207–237 | 238–263 | 264–299 | ≥300 | |
| Model 1 | REF | 1.02 (0.81, 1.29) | 1.20 (0.94, 1.52) | 1.23 (0.95, 1.59) | 1.09 (0.82, 1.43) | 0.39 |
| Model 25 | REF | 1.00 (0.79, 1.27) | 1.16 (0.90, 1.49) | 1.18 (0.90, 1.55) | 1.01 (0.73, 1.39) | 0.78 |
| Vitamin C, mg/d | ≤57 | 58–80 | 81–103 | 104–135 | ≥136 | |
| Model 1 | REF | 1.06 (0.85, 1.32) | 1.03 (0.82, 1.29) | 1.02 (0.81, 1.29) | 1.15 (0.89, 1.49) | 0.36 |
| Model 2 | REF | 1.07 (0.85, 1.34) | 1.04 (0.82, 1.32) | 1.01 (0.79, 1.29) | 1.18 (0.90, 1.54) | 0.32 |
| Vitamin E, mg/d | ≤7.3 | 7.4–8.7 | 8.8–10.1 | 10.2–12.4 | ≥12.5 | |
| Model 1 | REF | 0.97 (0.78, 1.20) | 1.01 (0.81, 1.26) | 0.85 (0.68, 1.06) | 0.78 (0.62, 0.97) | 0.01 |
| Model 2 | REF | 1.00 (0.79, 1.26) | 1.03 (0.81, 1.31) | 0.84 (0.65, 1.09) | 0.76 (0.56, 1.03) | 0.06 |
| β-Carotene, mg/d | ≤1.61 | 1.62–2.34 | 2.35–3.29 | 3.30–4.74 | ≥4.75 | |
| Model 1 | REF | 0.96 (0.78, 1.19) | 0.93 (0.74, 1.17) | 1.00 (0.79, 1.25) | 0.96 (0.73, 1.26) | 0.91 |
| Model 2 | REF | 0.94 (0.75, 1.17) | 0.91 (0.71, 1.16) | 0.98 (0.77, 1.26) | 0.94 (0.70, 1.27) | 0.92 |
Values are HR (95% CI) for risk of MetS according to quintiles of micronutrient intakes. MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; MetS, metabolic syndrome.
Statistical model 1 was adjusted for energy intake (kcal/d), age (y), sex, race-ethnicity (non-Hispanic whites, African Americans, Hispanics, and Chinese Americans), education (<high school, high school, >high school), study center, alcohol intake (g/d), physical activity (active and inactive leisure in metabolic equivalents per min/wk), BMI (kg/m2), fiber intake (g/d), cigarette smoking (never, current, or former smoker), and dietary supplement use (>1/wk, yes or no). Statistical model 2 was adjusted for all variables in model 1 and the ratio of polyunsaturated fat intake:saturated fat intake and mutual adjustment for Mg, Zn, heme iron, nonheme iron, and antioxidant intake.