TABLE 4.
HR and 95% CI for MetS by increasing quintiles of heme iron and Zn intake estimates in 3828 MESA participants, stratified by food source12
| Quintiles of energy-adjusted nutrient intakes |
||||||
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P-trend | |
| n | 765 | 766 | 765 | 766 | 766 | |
| Heme iron from red meat, mg/d | ≤0.18 | 0.19–0.30 | 0.31–0.41 | 0.42–0.58 | ≥0.59 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.85, 1.34) | 1.25 (0.99, 1.57) | 1.33 (1.06, 1.66) | 1.25 (0.99, 1.56) | 0.03 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.84, 1.36) | 1.19 (0.93, 1.51) | 1.29 (1.02, 1.63) | 1.25 (0.98, 1.58) | 0.03 |
| Heme iron from poultry and fish, mg/d | ≤0.16 | 0.17–0.26 | 0.27–0.37 | 0.38–0.54 | ≥0.55 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.17 (0.94, 1.47) | 1.04 (0.82, 1.31) | 1.16 (0.93, 1.46) | 1.03 (0.81, 1.31) | 0.97 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.19 (0.94, 1.50) | 1.08 (0.85, 1.38) | 1.16 (0.91, 1.47) | 1.00 (0.77, 1.30) | 0.71 |
| Zinc from red meat, mg/d | ≤0.52 | 0.53–0.87 | 0.88–1.17 | 1.18–1.65 | ≥1.66 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.13 (0.90, 1.42) | 1.41 (1.12, 1.78) | 1.25 (0.99, 1.58) | 1.29 (1.03, 1.61) | 0.04 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.19 (0.93, 1.53) | 1.46 (1.12, 1.89) | 1.25 (0.95, 1.64) | 1.42 (1.07, 1.89) | 0.04 |
| Zinc from other sources,mg/d | ≤5.55 | 5.56–6.41 | 6.42–7.19 | 7.20–8.41 | ≥8.42 | |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.83, 1.30) | 1.09 (0.87, 1.37) | 1.21 (0.96, 1.51) | 1.13 (0.90, 1.42) | 0.22 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.79, 1.27) | 1.06 (0.82, 1.37) | 1.16 (0.89, 1.51) | 1.13 (0.83, 1.54) | 0.33 |
Values are HR and 95% CI for risk of MetS according to quintiles of micronutrient intakes. MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; MetS, metabolic syndrome.
Statistical model 1 was adjusted for energy intake (kcal/d), age (y), sex, race-ethnicity (non-Hispanic whites, African Americans, Hispanics, and Chinese Americans), education (<high school, high school, >high school), study center, alcohol intake (g/d), physical activity (active and inactive leisure in metabolic equivalents per min/wk), BMI (kg/m2), fiber intake (g/d), cigarette smoking (never, current, or former smoker),and dietary supplement use (>1/wk, yes or no). Statistical model 2 was adjusted for all variables in model 1 and the ratio of polyunsaturated fat intake:saturated fat intake, Mg, nonheme iron, antioxidant intake, and mutual adjustment for total Zn and total heme iron intake.