Table 3.
Comparison between vitiligo in SL chickens (SLV) and in humans
| SLV | Human vitiligo | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main target tissue | Growing feathers | Skin | ||
| Phenotype | Symptom | Depigmentation in growing feathers | Depigmentation in the skin | |
| Associated autoimmune disorders | Autoimmune thyroiditis, alopecia-like feathering defect | Autoimmune thyroiditis and other disorders of immune origin | (Erf, 2010; Spritz, 2010) | |
| Onset | Early puberty to young adults (6–14 wks of age) | Early puberty to young adults (10–30 y of age) | (Erf, 2010; Smyth, Jr., 1989) | |
| Severity | Erratic to complete | Erratic, occasionally complete | (Erf, 2010; Smyth, Jr., 1989) | |
| Etiology | Multifactorial (genetic, immunologic, metabolic and environmental factors) | Multifactorial (genetic, immunologic, metabolic and environmental factors) | (Boissy and Nordlund, 2011; Erf, 2010) | |
| Genetics | Vitiligo susceptibility genes | Multigenic, identification in progress | Multigenic, candidate genes identified | (Spritz, 2010; Wick et al, 2006) |
| Intrinsic melanocyte defects | Yes | Yes | (Boissy et al, 1986; 1991) | |
| Immunology | Target tissue infiltrating leukocytes | Macrophages, CD4, CD8, and B cells | Macrophages, CD4 and CD8 cells | (Erf et al, 1995; Le Poole et al, 1996) |
| Melanocyte-specific autoantibodies | Yes | Yes | (Austin et al, 1992; Harning et al, 1991) | |
| Cytokines1 and iNOS in the affected tissue | ↑IFN-gamma | ↑IFN-gamma | (Grimes et al, 2004; Wang, 2001) | |
| ↑IL-10 | ↑IL-10 | (Grimes et al, 2004) | ||
| ↑IL-6 | ↑IL-6 | (Moretti et al, 2002; Moretti et al, 2009) | ||
| IL-4 no change | IL-4 no change | (Grimes et al, 2004) | ||
| IL-17 low levels of expression | ↑IL-17 | (Bassiouny and Shaker, 2011) | ||
| ↑IL-21, ↑IL-1beta, ↑IL-8, ↑IL-12beta, ↑IL-15, and ↑iNOS |
Not determined | |||
| Metabolism | Oxidative stress | Yes | Yes | (Erf et al, 2005; Schallreuter et al, 1999) |
| Environmental factor | Viral association | Positive association with live HVT2 vaccination at hatch | Possible association with HCV3 and HIV4 | (Erf et al, 2001; Seyedalinaghi et al, 2009; Tsuboi et al, 2006) |
1
the expression profile of cytokines and iNOS in the growing feather were determined in the current study.
2
herpesvirus of turkey
3
hepatitis C virus
4
human immunodeficiency virus