Fig. 3.

Spontaneous interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-17A secretion in culture supernatants from small intestinal biopsies. The secretion of IL-1β (a) and IL-6 (b) was increased in the small intestinal biopsies from children with untreated coeliac disease (CD) with or without type 1 diabetes (T1D) compared to the levels in children with potential CD and transglutaminase antibody (TGA)-negative reference children (Kruskal–Wallis P = 0·001 and Mann–Whitney U-test, P = 0·009 and P = 0·004, respectively, for IL-1β, Kruskal–Wallis P < 0·001 and Mann–Whitney U-test, P = 0·002 and P = 0·001 for IL-6). IL-17A secretion (c) was detectable in none of the biopsy samples from five reference children, in one sample from five children with potential CD and in eight samples from 23 children with CD with or without T1D. The horizontal line shows the detection limit of the assay.