Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were co-cultured with live or heat killed Lactobacillus acidophilus LAVRI-A1, Lb. rhamnosus GG, exopolysaccharides (EPS)-producing Streptococcus thermophilus St1275, Bifidobacterium longum BL536, B. lactis B94 or Escherichia coli TG1 in a ratio that does not induce apoptosis, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or cells alone as control. The percentage of induced CD25+forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3+) cells (a), and the induction of ROR-γt expressing T helper type 17 (Th17) cells (b), were assessed intracellularly by fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS)Calibur after 96 h of co-culture. (b) Representative FACS plots for cultures described in (a); (d) Representative FACS plots for cultures described in (c). Data are expressed as means plus or minus standard error of the mean (s.e.m.) of three independent experiments.