Long-term ECG |
narrow complex tachycardia (e.g., AV nodal reentrant tachycardia or absolute tachyarrhythmia)
newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation (also normal frequency)
absolute bradycardia with symptoms
sinus arrest with pauses over 3 seconds
AV block type II (Mobitz) or higher-grade block of conduction
ventricular tachycardia (at least 5 beats)
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Echocardiography |
left ventricular ejection fraction <40%
local wall movement abnormalities (hypokinesis/akinesis) in more than 2 segments, or ‧evidence for a cardiac wall aneurysm
hemodynamically relevant obstruction in the left ventricular outflow tract
medium and severe valve defects
evidence of at least moderate pulmonary hypertension
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Coronary angiography |
significant coronary artery stenosis >70%
at least moderate valve defects
left ventricular ejection fraction <40 %
local wall motion abnormalities
cardiac wall aneurysm
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Carotid artery ultrasonography |
>70% stenosis of the carotid artery
flow asymmetry in the vertebral arteries
flow reversal of vertebral artery
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Orthostatin test |
drop in systolic blood pressure by >20 mmHg
drop in diastolic blood pressure by >10 mmHg
symptomatic orthostatin test
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Chest X-ray |
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Cranial computed tomography (CCT) |
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