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. 2012 Jan 27;109(4):58–65. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2012.0058

eTable. Definition of test results considered as pathological for the decision to hospitalize patients with syncope.

Test
Long-term ECG
  • narrow complex tachycardia (e.g., AV nodal reentrant tachycardia or absolute tachyarrhythmia)

  • newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation (also normal frequency)

  • absolute bradycardia with symptoms

  • sinus arrest with pauses over 3 seconds

  • AV block type II (Mobitz) or higher-grade block of conduction

  • ventricular tachycardia (at least 5 beats)

Echocardiography
  • left ventricular ejection fraction <40%

  • local wall movement abnormalities (hypokinesis/akinesis) in more than 2 segments, or ‧evidence for a cardiac wall aneurysm

  • hemodynamically relevant obstruction in the left ventricular outflow tract

  • medium and severe valve defects

  • evidence of at least moderate pulmonary hypertension

Coronary angiography
  • significant coronary artery stenosis >70%

  • at least moderate valve defects

  • left ventricular ejection fraction <40 %

  • local wall motion abnormalities

  • cardiac wall aneurysm

Carotid artery ultrasonography
  • >70% stenosis of the carotid artery

  • flow asymmetry in the vertebral arteries

  • flow reversal of vertebral artery

Orthostatin test
  • drop in systolic blood pressure by >20 mmHg

  • drop in diastolic blood pressure by >10 mmHg

  • symptomatic orthostatin test

Chest X-ray
  • pathological changes of the lung parenchyma

  • enlarged heart shadow

  • signs of congestion

Cranial computed tomography (CCT)
  • recent ischemic stroke

  • intracranial hemorrhage

  • aneurysm of the cerebral vessels

  • brain cancer

  • other intracranial pathological changes

  • skull fracture