Table 2. Associations of insulin resistance and dysglycemia with sarcopenia, obesity, and sarcopenic obesity, adjusted for age, sex, race, and education.
| Outcomes:Effect size: | Insulin resistance HOMA-IR ratio1 (95% CI)p value | Glycosylated hemoglobin HbA1C ratio2 (95% CI)p value | Pre-diabetes Odds Ratio3 (95% CI)p value | Diabetes Odds Ratio (95% CI)p value |
| Sarcopenia without obesity | 1.39 (1.26 to 1.52)p<.0001 | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.02)p = 0.7 | 1.43 (1.02 to 2.01)p = 0.04 | 0.78 (0.50 to 1.23)p = 0.3 |
| Obesity without sarcopenia | 1.84 (1.80 to 1.89)p<.0001 | 1.054 (1.048 to 1.061)p<.0001 | 1.44 (1.30 to 1.59)p<.0001 | 2.44 (2.16 to 2.76)p<.0001 |
| Sarcopenic Obesity | 2.13 (2.02 to 2.23)p<.0001 | 1.075 (1.061 to 1.088)p<.0001 | 1.46 (1.21 to 1.75)p<.0001 | 2.81 (2.30 to 3.43)p<.0001 |
| Sarcopenia without obesity - diabetics excluded | 1.37 (1.26 to 1.50)p<.0001 | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.02)p = 0.6 | ||
| Obesity without sarcopenia - diabetics excluded | 1.75 (1.71 to 1.79)p<.0001 | 1.025 (1.021 to 1.029)p<.0001 | ||
| Sarcopenic Obesity - diabetics excluded | 1.99 (1.89 to 2.08)p<.0001 | 1.035 (1.027 to 1.044)p<.0001 |
1
Ratio of HOMA IR in sarcopenic obese group to HOMA IR in reference group (neither sarcopenic nor obese) where HOMA IR is the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance.
2
Ratio of HbA1C in sarcopenic obese group to HbA1C in reference group (neither sarcopenic nor obese) where HbA1C is the blood level of glycosylated hemoglobin.
3
Pre-diabetes is defined as a 1) HbA1C ≥6% but <6.5%, OR fasting glucose ≥5.5 but <7 mmol/L, 2)no self-reported DM, and 3) absence of DM medications.