Table 3. P values for interactions of age (<60 years vs. ≥60 years) with sarcopenia, obesity, and sarcopenic obesity in models adjusted for age, sex, race, and education.

Outcomes:Effect size:	Insulin resistanceHOMA-IR ratio1	Glycosylated hemoglobin HbA1C ratio2	Pre-diabetes Odds Ratio3	Diabetes Odds Ratio
Sarcopenia without obesity	0.13	0.01	0.4	0.07
Obesity without sarcopenia	<.0001	0.3	0.003	0.04
Sarcopenic Obesity	<.0001	<.0001	0.04	0.0005
Sarcopenia without obesity - diabetics excluded	0.2	0.3
Obesity without sarcopenia - diabetics excluded	<.0001	0.6
Sarcopenic Obesity diabetics excluded	<.0001	<.0001

¹Ratio of HOMA IR in sarcopenic obese group to HOMA IR in reference group (neither sarcopenic nor obese) where HOMA IR is the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance.

²Ratio of HbA1C in sarcopenic obese group to HbA1C in reference group (neither sarcopenic nor obese) where HbA1C is the blood level of glycosylated hemoglobin.

³Pre-diabetes is defined as a 1) HbA1C ≥6 but <6.5%, OR fasting glucose ≥5.5 but <7 mmol/L, 2)no self-reported DM, and 3) absence of DM medications.