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. 2012 Feb 14;7(2):e31647. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031647

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Lyke et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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Representative example of intracellular cytokine (IL-2 and IFN-γ) detection in PBMC, from a child with concomitant S. haematobium and P. falciparum infection, in response to both malaria and schistosoma pooled antigen stimulation and media control for comparison (panel a). Mean intracellular cytokine production from PBMC stimulated with pooled (b) malaria and (c) schistosoma antigens collected in children aged 4–14 years with (SP Mal) and without S. haematobium (SN Mal) measured during the transmission and follow-up dry season. Cytokine-producing cells were found to be predominantly CD3⁺CD19⁻CD4⁺CD8⁻ T cells. Cytokine expression is reported as net % cytokine producing cells (stimulant minus media control) and standard deviations.