Table 1.
Parameters | Calculated results | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | City | Population growth 1990–2000a (%) | λinfilt(hr–1) | CDD | x | y | λoverall (hr–1) | Δ[O3]in (ppb) | Δ[prod]in (ppb) | tin/tout | ΔO3_exposure | |||||||||||
1 | Atlanta, GA | 5.7 | 0.43 | 1,006 | 0.22 | 0.86 | 0.48 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 6.47 | 1.89 | |||||||||||
2 | Birmingham, AL | –8.7 | 0.43 | 1,045 | 0.22 | 0.80 | 0.50 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 6.47 | 1.92 | |||||||||||
3 | Boston, MA | 2.6 | 0.68 | 432 | 0.067 | 0.18 | 0.76 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 7.58 | 2.54 | |||||||||||
4 | Buffalo, NY | –10.8 | 0.70 | 304 | 0.033 | 0.43 | 0.73 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 6.74 | 2.32 | |||||||||||
5 | Chicago, IL | 4.0 | 0.61 | 464 | 0.067 | 0.51 | 0.66 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 6.83 | 2.23 | |||||||||||
6 | Cincinnati, OH | –9.0 | 0.52 | 672 | 0.11 | 0.57 | 0.59 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 6.83 | 2.12 | |||||||||||
7 | Corpus Christi, TX | 7.8 | 0.48 | 1,943 | 0.41 | 0.78 | 0.62 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 6.58 | 2.12 | |||||||||||
8 | Dallas/Ft. Worth, TX | 18.0 | 0.50 | 1,428 | 0.32 | 0.89 | 0.55 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 6.58 | 2.02 | |||||||||||
9 | Denver, CO | 18.6 | 0.49 | 386 | 0.092 | 0.32 | 0.58 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 6.54 | 2.07 | |||||||||||
10 | Los Angeles, CA | 6.0 | 0.42 | 837 | 0.020 | 0.34 | 0.44 | 1.3 | 2.6 | 6.46 | 1.83 | |||||||||||
11 | Miami, FL | 1.1 | 0.35 | 2,435 | 0.59 | 0.80 | 0.53 | 1.5 | 2.6 | 6.47 | 1.97 | |||||||||||
12 | Nashville, TN | 11.7 | 0.51 | 920 | 0.18 | 0.83 | 0.56 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 6.47 | 2.01 | |||||||||||
13 | New York City, NY | 9.4 | 0.62 | 644 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.76 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 6.74 | 2.36 | |||||||||||
14 | Phoenix, AZ | 34.3 | 0.42 | 2,327 | 0.44 | 0.92 | 0.47 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 6.46 | 1.88 | |||||||||||
15 | Seattle, WA | 9.1 | 0.62 | 107 | 0.0 | 0.06 | 0.62 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 5.61 | 1.96 | |||||||||||
16 | St. Louis, MO | –12.2 | 0.58 | 867 | 0.23 | 0.80 | 0.65 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 6.27 | 2.11 | |||||||||||
17 | Washington, DC | –5.7 | 0.54 | 867 | 0.12 | 0.82 | 0.57 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 6.66 | 2.07 | |||||||||||
18 | Worcester, MA | 1.7 | 0.60 | 206 | 0.027 | 0.10 | 0.64 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 7.58 | 2.33 | |||||||||||
Abbreviations: λinfilt, average infiltration rate when windows are closed; CDD, cooling degree days; x, fraction of year cooling occurs; y, fraction of residences with central AC; λoverall, average overall air change rate; Δ[O3]in, change in indoor concentration of ozone per 10-ppb change in outdoor ozone; Δ[prod]in, change in indoor concentration of ozone-derived products per 10-ppb change in outdoor ozone; tin/tout, ratio of time spent indoors to time spent outdoors and in vehicles (from Table 10 of Klepeis et al. 2001); ΔO3_exposure, change in total ozone exposure per unit change in outdoor ozone exposure (i.e., the ozone exposure coefficient). aPopulation growth (US Census Bureau 2011) is a rough indicator for the average age of buildings in a city. |