Table 1.
Sample Characteristics for Predisposing, Enabling, and Need Factors Across Three Comparison Groups: Autism Spectrum Disorder Only, Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Only
| ASD | ASD and ADHD | ADHD | Comparison test | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predisposing factors | ||||
| Female | 17.5% | 11.7% | 24.3% | a*, b*, c*** |
| Age | 15.04 | 14.94 | 15.15 | n.s. |
| Race | ||||
| White | 64.3% | 68.4% | 81.2% | b***, c** |
| African American | 24.0% | 19.1% | 10.5% | b***, c* |
| Other/Biracial | 11.7% | 12.5% | 8.3% | n.s. |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic | 12.8% | 8.3% | 8.7% | n.s. |
| Enabling | ||||
| Rural or small town | 19.4% | 31.1% | 53.1% | a*, b***, c*** |
| Medium city, suburb | 19.0% | 12.4% | 16.0% | n.s. |
| Large city, suburb | 30.2% | 28.2% | 16.5% | b***, c* |
| Very large city, suburb | 31.4% | 28.3% | 14.5% | b**, c** |
| Respondent education | ||||
| Less than high school | 8.7% | 7.9% | 11.4% | n.s. |
| High school | 22.8% | 27.3% | 30.3% | b** |
| Some post high school training or associate degree | 34.0% | 32.1% | 34.0% | n.s. |
| 4 year degree | 17.8% | 20.7% | 14.6% | c* |
| Graduate education | 16.7% | 12.0% | 9.7% | b** |
| Income | ||||
| <25,000 | 21.3% | 21.2% | 18.0% | n.s. |
| 25,000–50,000 | 32.2% | 30.0% | 37.2% | n.s. |
| 50,001–75,000 | 23.7% | 24.8% | 25.0% | n.s. |
| >75,000 | 22.9% | 23.9% | 19.9% | n.s. |
| Insurance | ||||
| Private | 72.4% | 68.7% | 78.8% | c* |
| Public/Other | 23.2% | 28.3% | 14.8% | b**, c*** |
| None | 4.3% | 3.1% | 6.5% | n.s. |
| Non-English-speaking household | 15.3% | 13.7% | 7.2% | b**, c* |
| Need | ||||
| Significant conversational impairment | 58.4% | 48.9% | 3.8% | a*, b***, c*** |
| Pro-social behaviors scale mean | 2.8 | 3.0 | 5.4 | b***, c*** |
| Externalizing behavior scale mean | 3.9 | 3.6 | 3.5 | a*, b*** |
| Functional abilities scale mean | 10.7 | 11.2 | 14.2 | b***, c*** |
| % good at being organized | 55.1% | 39.4% | 31.4% | a***, b*** |
Source: National Longitudinal Transition Study 2.
Notes: Number of multiply imputed data sets=50. Weighted to population levels. Variances adjusted for sampling method.
*
p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
a=ASD only versus ASD and ADHD; b=ASD only versus ADHD only; c=ASD and ADHD versus ADHD only; ASD=autism spectrum disorder; ADHD=attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; n.s.=not significant.