Table 2.
Pilot Analysis of Cytokine Levels in Serum Samples of Subjects with Autism (n=21) Versus Healthy Age-Matched Control Subjects (n=15).
| |
Subjects |
Control subjects |
|
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mediator | Mean (pg/mL) | Median (pg/mL) | SD (pg/mL) | N | Mean (pg/mL) | Median (pg/mL) | SD (pg/mL) | n | p* | Kit detection limit (pg/mL) |
| IL-5 | ND | ND | ND | 21 | ND | ND | ND | 15 | NA | 0.33 |
| IL-6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 21 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 15 | 0.9 | 0.39 |
| IL-10 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 21 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 15 | 0.5 | 0.13 |
| IL-13 | 245 | 303 | 191 | 21 | 186 | 258 | 150 | 15 | 0.4 | 6.0 |
| IL-17 | ND | ND | ND | 21 | 4.8 | 0 | 12.1 | 15 | NA | 0.39 |
| IFN-γ | ND | ND | ND | 21 | ND | ND | ND | 15 | NA | 0.31 |
| IL-2 | ND | ND | ND | 21 | 5.0 | 0 | 9.0 | 15 | NA | 0.89 |
| IL-4 | ND | ND | ND | 21 | ND | ND | ND | 15 | NA | 1.8 |
| CD40Ligand | 1335 | 0 | 2848 | 21 | 1067 | 0 | 1711 | 15 | 1 | 7.6 |
| TNF-α | ND | ND | ND | 21 | ND | ND | ND | 15 | NA | 0.47 |
| IL-12p70 | 36 | 27 | 16 | 21 | 40 | 27 | 20 | 15 | 0.6 | 5.1 |
| IL-1α | 80 | 82 | 28 | 21 | 103 | 100 | 25 | 15 | 0.03 | 1.2 |
| IL-1RA | 253 | 168 | 250 | 21 | 165 | 157 | 74 | 15 | 0.6 | 2.1 |
| IL-1β | ND | ND | ND | 21 | ND | ND | ND | 15 | 0.9 | 0.27 |
| Tpo | 88 | 87 | 34 | 21 | 81 | 79 | 25 | 15 | 0.7 | 2.8 |
| MCP-1/CCL2 | 43 | 43 | 19 | 21 | 38 | 37 | 14 | 15 | 0.4 | 0.95 |
| MIP-1α /CCL3 | 105 | 62 | 201 | 21 | 62 | 67 | 28 | 15 | 0.7 | 3.1 |
| MIP-1β/CCL4 | 23 | 19 | 9 | 21 | 22.0 | 21.0 | 7.0 | 15 | 0.9 | 2.1 |
| RANTES/CCL5 | 2351 | 1749 | 1851 | 21 | 2759 | 2002 | 1767 | 15 | 0.4 | 1.1 |
| Eotaxin/CCL11 | 49 | 0 | 147 | 21 | 33 | 0 | 65 | 15 | 0.4 | 2.6 |
| ENA-78/CXCL5 | 389 | 284 | 354 | 21 | 370 | 319 | 231 | 15 | 0.7 | 2.7 |
| IP-10/CXCL10 | 7.6 | 2.7 | 9.9 | 21 | 7.7 | 2.8 | 7.3 | 15 | 0.7 | 0.4 |
| I-TAC/CXCL11 | 18 | 0 | 74 | 21 | 11 | 0 | 25 | 15 | 0.4 | 2.1 |
| IL-8 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 3.0 | 21 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 1.9 | 15 | 0.6 | 0.39 |
| EGF | 141 | 88 | 215 | 21 | 24 | 16 | 20 | 15 | 0.001 | 0.57 |
| G-CSF | ND | ND | ND | 21 | ND | ND | ND | 15 | NA | 0.57 |
| GM-CSF | ND | ND | ND | 21 | ND | ND | ND | 15 | NA | 1.1 |
| HGF | 430 | 311 | 314 | 21 | 288 | 220 | 185 | 15 | 0.09 | 2.1 |
| FGF basic | ND | ND | ND | 21 | ND | ND | ND | 15 | NA | 1.8 |
| VEGF | 20 | 18 | 13 | 21 | 30 | 29 | 21 | 15 | 0.2 | 0.8 |
| Leptin | 2655 | 0 | 7439 | 21 | 4373 | 0 | 9658 | 15 | 0.6 | 7.7 |
Mann-Whitney U-test, alpha=0.0016.
ND=not detectable; NA=not applicable; SD=standard deviation; EGF=epidermal growth factor; HGF=hepatocyte growth factor; FGF=fibroblast growth factor; G-CSF=granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF=granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; VEGF=vascular endothelial growth factor; MCP-1=monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MIP=macrophage inflammatory protein; RANTES=regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted protein; ENA-78=epithelial-cell-derived neutrophil attractant-78 protein; IP-10=interferon-inducible protein 10; I-TAC=interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemo-attractant; IFN=interferon; TNF=tumor necrosis factor; IL-1RA=IL-1 receptor antagonist; Tpo=thrombopoietin).