Figure 4. Solitary and primitively eusocial waps.

A. Progressive provisioning in a solitary wasp. Cutaway view of a nest showing a female Synagris cornuta feeding her larva with a fragment of caterpillar. An ichneumonid wasp and parasite Osprynchotus violator lurks on the outside of the nest (from Cowan⁶¹) waiting for the right moment to attack the larva. B. A colony of the primitively eusocial wasp Polistes crinitus. Its workers, working together are able simultaneously to guard the nest, forage for food, and attend the larvae sequestered in the nest cells. (Photo by Robert Jeanne.)