Table 1. Demographic, Clinical, and Behavioral Characteristics.
|
Controls (n=75) |
Bipolar high-risk subjects (n=81) |
Between-group comparison | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RISK− (n=45) | RISK+ (n=30) | Within-group comparison | RISK− (n=46) | RISK+ (n=35) | Within-group comparison | |||||
| Demographics | ||||||||||
| |
Mean/n (SD) |
Mean/n (SD) |
T/χ2 |
p |
Mean/n (SD) |
Mean/n (SD) |
T/χ2 |
p |
T/χ2 |
p |
| Age (years) | 20.99 (2.35) | 20.53 (2.50) | 0.81 | 0.42 | 21.00 (2.52) | 21.75 (3.08) | 1.21 | 0.23 | 1.23 | 0.22 |
| Gender (male:female) | 20 : 25 | 13 : 17 | 0.01 | 0.92 | 21 : 25 | 19 : 16 | 0.59 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.50 |
| Handedness (right:other) | 41 : 1 | 27 : 3 | 2.16 | 0.14 | 42 : 4 | 31 : 4 | 1.33 | 0.51 | 1.62 | 0.45 |
| Verbal IQ (NART) | 110.49 (5.91) | 109.67 (9.41) | 0.46 | 0.64 | 109.24 (7.25) | 111.60 (6.17) | 1.55 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.93 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||||||
| |
Median (IQR) |
Median (IQR) |
U |
p |
Median (IQR) |
Median (IQR) |
U |
p |
U |
P |
| YMRS sum score | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.12 | 0.90 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.19 | 0.19 | 1.67 | 0.10 |
| HAM-D sum score | 0 (1) | 0 (1) | 1.33 | 0.18 | 0 (2) | 1 (2) | 1.54 | 0.12 | 3.72 | <0.01 |
| Temperament characteristics (TEMPS-A) | ||||||||||
| |
Median (IQR) |
Median (IQR) |
U |
p |
Median (IQR) |
Median (IQR) |
U |
p |
U |
p |
| Cyclothymia | 1.00 (2.75) | 1.00 (2.75) | 0.02 | 0.99 | 2.00 (4.00) | 2.00 (3.00) | 0.01 | 0.99 | 2.91 | <0.01 |
| Depressive | 0.00 (2.00) | 0.00 (1.00) | 0.16 | 0.87 | 0.00 (2.00) | 0.00 (1.00) | 0.20 | 0.85 | 0.95 | 0.34 |
| Irritability | 1.00(2.00) | 1.00 (2.00) | 0.39 | 0.69 | 1.00 (1.00) | 1.00 (2.00) | 1.54 | 0.12 | 1.70 | 0.09 |
| Hyperthymia | 2.00 (2.00) | 1.50 (4.00) | 0.48 | 0.64 | 2.00 (2.00) | 1.00 (3.50) | 0.72 | 0.47 | 0.55 | 0.58 |
| Anxious | 0.50 (1.00) | 0.50 (2.00) | 0.09 | 0.93 | 0.00 (1.00) | 1.00 (2.00) | 0.99 | 0.32 | 0.17 | 0.86 |
| Behavioral characteristics (Hayling sentence completion test) | ||||||||||
| |
Mean (SD) |
Mean (SD) |
T |
p |
Mean (SD) |
Mean (SD) |
T |
p |
T |
p |
| Reaction time (s) | 2466 (584) | 2440 (543) | 0.71 | 0.81 | 2505 (679) | 2471 (543) | 0.25 | 0.81 | 0.33 | 0.74 |
| Word Appro-priateness | 3.01 (0.51) | 3.02 (0.64) | 0.17 | 0.96 | 2.86 (0.561) | 2.91 (0.56) | 0.40 | 0.69 | 1.25 | 0.22 |
Abbreviations: HAM-D, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; IQR, interquartile range; NART, National Adult Reading Test; RISK−, non-risk haplotype carriers; RISK+, risk haplotype homozygotes; TEMPS-A, Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale.