Table 2.

Characteristics of selected HIV prevention interventions for drug-using women with histories of partner violence

Study	Behavioral theory	Sample	Integrated micro-environmental determinants	Outcomes
Amaro et al65 The Boston Consortium Model	• Empowerment theory	n = 342; women of all race/ethnicities in community-based substance abuse treatment; English and Spanish	• Trauma history • Mental health • Substance abuse/HIV • Economics • Family dynamics	↓ substance use ↓ mental health ↓ Post-traumatic stress disorder ↓ unprotected sex ↑ relationship power scores
Gilbert et al55 Relapse prevention and relationship safety	• Social cognitive theory • Empowerment theory	n = 34; enrolled in outpatient MMTP; Latina (~60%), African American, White	• IPV	↓ drug use ↓ minor physical/sexual IPV ↓ minor and severe psychological IPV
Gollub et al64 Women Fighting Infection Together* (Women FIT)	• Empowerment theory	n = 189; out-of-treatment drug users; 2/3 African American	• HIV risks • Economic stress • Violence, abuse, and violent sex	↑ knowledge of protection methods ↑ pre-post anatomy knowledge scores ↑ male/female condom use
Tross et al56 Safer Sex Skills Building*	• Social cognitive learning theory • Empowerment theory	n = 384; recruited from methadone or psychosocial treatment programs; All racial/ethnic groups	• Partner abuse • Female-male control issues • HIV risk behaviors	↓ unprotected sex acts
Sterk et al62 The Health Intervention Project*	• Social cognitive theory • Theory of reasoned action • Theory of planned behavior • Transtheoretical model of change • Theory of Gender and Power	n = 68; recruited using street-outreach from inner city neighborhoods; African American	• Gender dynamics • Economic stress • Gender norms • Power and control • HIV risk behaviors	↓ number of paying partners ↓ frequency of sex with paying partners ↓ crack use in risky settings
Wechsberg et al26 The Women’s Health CoOp*	• Empowerment theory	n = 620; out-of-drug-treatment African Americans	• HIV risk behaviors • Barriers of education, employment, housing, and parenting	↓ unprotected sex ↓ crack use Improvement in housing and employment status

Note:

^*Integrated the promotion of the female condom, a biomedical approach.

Abbreviations: MMTP, methadone maintenance treatment program; IPV, intimate partner violence; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.