Table 1. PCR primers used to amplify cDNA sequences of both TcAce1 and TcAce2 genes and to analyze their gene expressions.
| Primer name | Sequence (5′-3′) | Tm (°C) | Product size (bp) | Locationa |
| PCR for cDNA sequences | ||||
| TcAce1-Fb | CGGCCTGCTTACTAGTGATTCTAC | 60.66 | 1714 | 17-1730 |
| TcAce1-R | ACATCGAGGGTGAGAAACTCC | 60.50 | ||
| TcAce1S-F | CAACGACCGTTGTGCAAATA | 60.56 | 320 | N/A-219 |
| TcAce1S-R | CAGGGGATCATCTTCGGAGT | 61.39 | ||
| TcAce1E-F | CGTTTGGACACCCACTTTCT | 60.01 | 402 | 1665-N/A |
| TcAce1E-R | GTCGTGTTGATTTTGAATACCTCAC | 60.99 | ||
| TcAce2-F | AGACCTCATCACGCTGTTTG | 55.2 | 1034 | 750-1783 |
| TcAce2-R | CTGGGTTATCCCGAAGCTTG | 61.86 | ||
| TcAce2S-F | GTCGTAGAGGCGTCGTCGT | 61.44 | 1014 | N/A-895 |
| TcAce2S-R | TCTCCCCCGACATGTAACTC | 59.93 | ||
| TcAce2E-F | AACCAGTGACAGACGACGTG | 59.78 | 267 | 1627-N/A |
| TcAce2E-R | CGCAACCGATGCGTTTAATA | 61.86 | ||
| Quantitative real-time PCR | ||||
| TcAce1(Q)-F | CCGTTCGTCCCAGTCATTG | 55.3 | 121 | 1069-1189 |
| TcAce1(Q)-R | AGTAGTAGCCTTCTTCTGTGTTAG | 55.4 | ||
| TcAce2(Q)-F | AGACCTCATCACGCTGTTTG | 55.2 | 179 | 750-928 |
| TcAce2(Q)-R | CCTCCACCAGGACCTTCC | 54.9 | ||
| TcRps3-F | CCGTCGTATTCGTGAATTGAC | 54.8 | 130 | 279-408 |
| TcRps3-R | TCTAAGAGACTCTGCTTGTGC | 54.7 | ||
a
Product location refers to the PCR fragment corresponding to the Ace gene nucleotide sequence of T. castaneum from NCBI database (TcAce1: XM_968369; TcAce2: XM_965681). N/A refers to the sequence based on the genomic sequence in Beetlebase (http://beetlebase.org/).
b
F and R refer to forward and reverse primers, respectively.