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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Feb 17.
Published in final edited form as: Eur J Pharmacol. 2011 Apr 28;665(1-3):19–28. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.04.039

Fig. 11.

Fig. 11

Schematic diagram of leptin interaction and neuropeptide Y. In diabetes mellitus there is either decreased leptin or leptin resistance that affects neuropeptide Y levels in the hypothalamus and peripheral autonomic nervous system. This altered regulation of neuropeptide Y leads to changes in neuropeptide Y receptor concentration. Decreased leptin itself causes increased apoptosis and increased anti-angiogenic factors. The neuropeptide Y receptorsmay be involved in cardiomyocytes hypertrophy and arterial smoothmuscle proliferation.