Table 2.
Means and SDs of Withdrawal Symptoms by PTSD Status and Smoking Condition
| Nicotinized cigarette |
Denicotinized cigarette |
No smoking |
Effect size estimates for overall tests |
||||||
| Presmoke | Postsmoke | Presmoke | Postsmoke | Presmoke | Postsmoke | PTSD partial η2 | Smoke partial η2 | PTSD × Smoke partial η2 | |
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | ||||
| Craving | .041* | .373* | .012 | ||||||
| PTSD | 37.2 (6.9) | 25.7 (11.3) | 36.8 (7.1) | 35.9 (7.5) | 37.2 (6.0) | 37.4 (5.7) | |||
| Non-PTSD | 30.1 (8.4) | 19.9 (7.2) | 29.1 (7.8) | 26.4 (7.9) | 29.7 (8.6) | 29.8 (7.8) | |||
| Negative Affect | .039* | .131* | .056* | ||||||
| PTSD | 14.6 (5.6) | 12.6 (3.3) | 15.3 (5.5) | 14.0 (4.6) | 15.9 (5.6) | 17.5 (4.8) | |||
| Non-PTSD | 13.2 (3.4) | 12.4 (2.8) | 14.4 (4.1) | 13.0 (3.4) | 14.6 (3.1) | 13.9 (4.0) | |||
| Arousal | .067* | .007 | .037 | ||||||
| PTSD | 14.0 (4.5) | 13.4 (5.1) | 14.1 (3.4) | 13.1 (3.7) | 13.1 (3.2) | 10.9 (3.3) | |||
| Non-PTSD | 15.1 (3.6) | 14.8 (4.1) | 14.1 (4.5) | 14.0 (4.0) | 14.1 (3.7) | 14.7 (4.1) | |||
| Somatic | .006 | .011 | .012 | ||||||
| PTSD | 18.0 (5.7) | 19.5 (8.2) | 17.3 (4.7) | 18.5 (5.9) | 18.5 (5.1) | 19.4 (5.5) | |||
| Non-PTSD | 17.0 (5.9) | 16.7 (6.7) | 16.3 (5.7) | 18.2 (9.3) | 16.6 (6.0) | 16.4 (6.4) | |||
| Appetite | .011 | .035 | .007 | ||||||
| PTSD | 8.3 (4.2) | 7.7 (3.9) | 8.1 (3.4) | 7.6 (4.2) | 6.4 (3.5) | 7.5 (3.9) | |||
| Non-PTSD | 5.8 (3.3) | 5.1 (2.5) | 5.5 (2.7) | 5.5 (3.3) | 6.5 (3.9) | 6.5 (4.1) | |||
| Habit | .071* | .135* | .015 | ||||||
| PTSD | 11.1 (4.3) | 8.6 (4.7) | 11.9 (5.0) | 10.9 (5.0) | 11.3 (4.6) | 12.5 (4.2) | |||
| Non-PTSD | 8.4 (3.9) | 5.8 (2.7) | 7.5 (3.2) | 6.9 (3.4) | 8.5 (3.9) | 8.0 (3.7) | |||
Note. Means were not adjusted for covariates. All significance tests of change in smoking withdrawal model postsmoking withdrawal symptoms as the outcome, with nicotine dependence and presmoking withdrawal symptoms statistically controlled and PTSD, smoking condition, and PTSD × Smoking interaction as the predictors. Significance was tested with Wald significance tests generated by generalized estimating equations. Due to the lack of available effect size statistics for generalized estimating equations, effect sizes were estimated using η2 calculations from analysis of covariance models.
*p < .05.