Table 3.
Outcome Variable and Independent Predictors by Race/Ethnicity Among 9- to 18-Year-Olds, NSPY-RUF, Round 1
| White, N = 4,491 (68.9%) | Black, N = 984 (16.1%) | Hispanic, N = 951 (15.0%) | p value | |
| Outcome variable | ||||
| Current smoking statusa | <.0001 | |||
| Never | 3,493 (70.6%) | 818 (80.6%) | 771 (77.8%) | |
| Ever | 629 (17.3%) | 137 (15.6%) | 129 (16.7%) | |
| Recent | 369 (12.0%) | 29 (3.8%) | 51 (5.5%) | |
| Independent predictors | ||||
| Family influences (range of each score) | M (95% CI) | M (95% CI) | M (95% CI) | |
| Parent–adolescent connectedness (P; 0–3) | 1.49 (1.45, 1.54)b | 1.58 (1.47, 1.65) | 1.60 (1.52, 1.66)c | .01 |
| Parent–adolescent connectedness (Y; 0–3) | 0.94 (0.89, 0.99)b | 1.34 (1.25, 1.42)c | 1.20 (1.14, 1.28)d | <.0001 |
| Parent–adolescent activities (P; 0–6) | 2.18 (2.13, 2.24)b | 2.08 (1.93, 2.15) | 1.97 (1.85, 2.08)c | .007 |
| Parental monitoring (P; 0–3) | 2.10 (2.06, 2.15)b | 1.88 (1.81, 1.96)c | 2.01 (1.91, 2.09) | <.0001 |
| Parental monitoring (Y; 0–3) | 1.32 (1.27, 1.38)b | 1.16 (1.03, 1.26)c | 1.30 (1.09, 1.35) | .016 |
| Parent intention to monitor (P; −2 to 2) | 1.44 (1.47, 1.51) | 1.40 (1.41, 1.49) | 1.38 (1.41, 1.5) | .1 |
| Parent attitudes toward monitoring (P; 1–7) | 6.23 (6.2, 6.27)b | 6.35 (6.27, 6.4)c | 6.42 (6.36, 6.5)c | <.0001 |
| Antismoking parenting (range of each score) | ||||
| Rules about smoking (Y; 1–2) | 1.43 (1.4, 1.44) | 1.41 (1.36, 1.45) | 1.37 (1.32, 1.41) | .15 |
| Parent punishment (P; 1–5) | 4.67 (4.64, 4.7)b | 4.65 (4.58, 4.72) | 4.55 (4.38, 4.53)c | .006 |
| Parent punishment (Ta; 1–5) | 4.16 (4.1, 4.21)b | 4.30 (4.26, 4.37)c | 4.29 (4.18, 4.42) | .026 |
| Parent attitude about personal use (P; 1–5) | 3.84 (3.78, 3.9)b | 3.31 (3.11, 3.43)c | 3.47 (3.33, 3.54)c | <.0001 |
Note. Data presented as raw N (weighted %), or weighted M (SEM). P = parental file; T = only teenager’s records were available from this youth file; Y = youth file.
a
Distribution of current smoking status in Whites is different from distribution of current smoking in Blacks and Hispanics at adjusted p < .05.
b
Different from “b” and “c” at adjusted p < .05.
c
Different from “a” and “c” at adjusted p < .05.
d
Different from “a” and “b” at adjusted p < .05.