Table 3.
Environmental Nicotine ER in Restaurants and Bars, Mexico, 2008
| Adjusted for |
||||||||||
| Unadjusted |
Establishment characteristics |
Mechanical systems |
Smoking bans |
All |
||||||
| ER (95% CI) | p Value | ER (95% CI) | p Value | ER (95% CI) | p Value | ER (95% CI) | p Value | ER (95% CI) | p Value | |
| State (Mexico City, ref) | ||||||||||
| Colima | 3.82 (2.20, 6.64) | <.001 | 2.72 (1.67, 4.45) | <.001 | 3.99 (2.20, 7.23) | <.001 | 1.07 (0.55, 2.08) | <.001 | 0.99 (0.54, 1.81) | .002 |
| Cuernavaca | 5.43 (3.03, 9.72) | 4.90 (2.97, 8.08) | 5.71 (3.17, 10.28) | 1.28 (0.61, 2.69) | 1.44 (0.74, 2.80) | |||||
| Toluca | 6.40 (3.61, 11.35) | 5.54 (3.32, 9.26) | 6.89 (3.7, 12.82) | 2.64 (1.40, 5.00) | 2.27 (1.27, 4.05) | |||||
| Establishment characteristics | ||||||||||
| Type of establishment (Restaurant, ref) | ||||||||||
| Bar | 4.94 (3.35, 7.28) | <.001 | 4.21 (2.80, 6.31) | <.001 | 3.77 (2.67, 5.31) | <.001 | ||||
| Size (≤100 m2, ref) | ||||||||||
| >100 m2 | 0.84 (0.54, 1.31) | .440 | 1.17 (0.76, 1.79) | .471 | ||||||
| Maximum occupancy | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | .077 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | .317 | ||||||
| Customer’s age | 0.95 (0.93, 0.98) | <.001 | 0.98 (0.96, 1.00) | .067 | 0.98 (0.96, 1.00) | .046 | ||||
| Percent male customers | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | .143 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | .505 | ||||||
| Socioeconomic status neighborhood (Low, ref) | ||||||||||
| Medium | 1.01 (0.63, 1.62) | .913 | 0.89 (0.61, 1.29) | .819 | ||||||
| High | 1.18 (0.53, 2.65) | 0.87 (0.45, 1.68) | ||||||||
| Mechanical systems | ||||||||||
| Air extraction system (No, ref) | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1.23 (0.74, 2.05) | .424 | 1.87 (1.09, 3.22) | .023 | ||||||
| Ventilation system (Natural, ref) | ||||||||||
| Fan | 1.77 (1.09, 2.88) | .041 | 1.55 (0.97, 2.46) | .099 | ||||||
| AC | 1.04 (0.56, 1.92) | 0.96 (0.49, 1.87) | ||||||||
| Percent closed sides (<100%, ref) | ||||||||||
| 100% | 1.53 (0.98, 2.39) | .061 | 0.95 (0.61, 1.48) | .821 | ||||||
| Smoking bans | ||||||||||
| Smoking policy for customers (No smoking, ref) | ||||||||||
| Smoking in specific areas | 2.77 (1.64, 4.68) | <.001 | 1.12 (0.59, 2.14) | .044 | 1.38 (0.79, 2.42) | .037 | ||||
| Smoking anywhere | 6.28 (3.99, 9.88) | 2.17 (1.03, 4.56) | 2.23 (1.18, 4.21) | |||||||
| Smoking policy for workers (No smoking, ref) | ||||||||||
| Smoking in specific areas | 3.04 (1.93, 4.79) | <.001 | 1.76 (1.14, 2.73) | .039 | ||||||
| Smoking anywhere | 4.04 (1.91, 8.54) | 1.58 (0.78, 3.22) | ||||||||
| Effectively implemented smoking ban policies (All nonsmoking, ref) | ||||||||||
| All smoking | 5.59 (3.69, 8.48) | <.001 | 2.28 (1.21, 4.29) | .041 | 1.92 (1.09, 3.37) | .020 | ||||
| Mixed | 2.87 (1.50, 5.50) | 1.80 (0.88, 3.70) | 2.38 (1.26, 4.50) | |||||||
| Variance components (SE) | ||||||||||
| Workplace-level variance Ujk | 2.191 (0.299) | <.001 | 1.082 (0.207) | .001 | 1.609 (0.245) | <.001 | 1.368 (0.227) | <.001 | 0.906 (0.197) | <.001 |
| Individual-level variance eijk | 0.524 (0.158) | 0.512 (0.152) | 0.502 (0.150) | 0.506 (0.151) | 0.522 (0.155) | |||||
Note. ER = exposure ratios.