Table 1.
Demographic data and measures of olfaction in healthy controls and bipolar disorder patients by gendera
| Healthy controls Mean (SD) |
Bipolar disorder Mean (SD) |
Statistics (Diagnosis) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Females | Males | Females | F | p-value | |
| Demographics | n = 18 | n = 26 | n = 5 | n = 15 | ||
| Age | 29.5 (8.3) | 34.7 (13.4) | 31.1 (5.7) | 35.6 (9.7) | 0.15 | 0.705 |
| Education (category) | 3.6 (0.7) | 4.0 (0.8) | 3.5 (1.3) | 3.4 (1.1) | 1.19 | 0.280 |
| n = 2 | n = 14 | |||||
| Onset of symptoms | NA | NA | 17.0 (5.7) | 21.8 (8.3) | NA | NA |
| Duration | NA | NA | 17.9 (2.3) | 13.9 (10.0) | NA | NA |
| Smell identification | n = 17 | n = 20 | n = 3 | n = 13 | ||
| UPSIT score | 31.5 (3.6) | 33.5 (4.4) | 34.3 (1.2) | 32.5 (3.4) | 0.50 | 0.484 |
| Odor thresholdb | n = 17 | n = 17 | n = 2 | n = 10 | 0.06 | 0.940 |
| Right STT score | −4.62 (1.40) | −4.83 (1.60) | −4.73 (1.40) | −4.33 (0.66) | 0.12 | 0.735 |
| Left STT score | −4.64 (1.60) | −4.71 (1.10) | −4.24 (0.00) | −4.84 (1.90) | 0.05 | 0.826 |
| Mean STT scorec | −4.63 (1.50) | −4.77 (0.98) | −4.49 (0.70) | −4.58 (0.92) | 0.11 | 0.737 |
There were no significant effects for sex or interactions between group and sex. NA = not applicable; UPSIT = University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test; STT = Smell Threshold Test.
a
Test statistic: analysis of variance (ANOVA) or multivariate ANOVA where noted.
b
Multivariate Wilks’ Lambda (all dfs = 2/41).
c
ANOVA, df = 1/42.