Table 2.

Neuropsychological assessments in healthy controls and bipolar disorder patients by gender^a

	Healthy controls Mean (SD)		Bipolar disorder Mean (SD)		Statistics (Diagnosis)
	Males	Females	Males	Females	F	p-value
WAIS-III IQb	n = 17	n = 1	n = 3	n = 14	0.43	0.653
Verbal IQ	110.4 (13.1)	106.4 (12.9)	104.5 (22.4)	103.9 (14.1)	0.78	0.381
Performance IQ	97.8 (12.6)	99.9 (14.3)	94.5 (11.8)	96.4 (11.8)	0.62	0.436
Full scale IQc	105.2 (12.3)	103.4 (12.1)	99.3 (20.4)	100.7 (12.5)	0.96	0.332
WAIS-III indicesd	n = 17	n = 18	n = 4	n = 14	0.84	0.508
Verbal comprehension	110.3 (14.0)	110.9 (15.0)	104.3 (22.2)	109.6 (15.4)	0.51	0.478
Perceptual organization	97.1 (15.1)	98.9 (15.8)	93.8 (11.9)	97.9 (12.0)	0.20	0.661
Working memory	110.7 (16.2)	101.0 (9.3)	102.8 (30.0)	97.9 (11.9)	1.24	0.272
Processing speed	103.7 (10.7)	104.0 (12.2)	94.0 (16.8)	98.7 (13.9)	3.12	0.084
WMS-R indicese	n = 13	n = 14	n = 3	n = 14	0.84	0.511
Verbal	98.8 (14.0)	92.1 (13.8)	80.7 (7.6)	98.9 (20.9)	0.88	0.355
Visual	97.5 (13.7)	100.4 (16.9)	87.0 (16.4)	96.7 (17.3)	1.42	0.241
Attention	99.9 (17.6)	93.9 (16.6)	108.7 (17.9)	89.6 (12.9)	0.14	0.712
Delayed recall	102.1 (18.7)	97.1 (10.6)	83.3 (6.8)	96.4 (21.8)	2.31	0.137
General indexf	99.0 (14.6)	101.6 (19.7)	79.7 (11.0)	98.1 (20.9)	2.89	0.097
Trail Making Testg	n = 14	n = 15	n = 3	n = 14	3.59	0.037h
Trails A time	27.6 (12.4)	30.5 (11.8)	46.0 (8.2)	37.1 (17.3)	6.09	0.018h
Trails B time	77.5 (60.8)	77.4 (26.7)	79.3 (17.7)	87.5 (50.4)	0.12	0.731

There were no significant effects for sex or interactions between group and sex except where noted in the text. WAIS-III = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–third edition; WMS-R = Wechsler Memory Scale–revised.

^aTest statistic: multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).

^bMultivariate Wilks’ Lambda (all dfs = 2/44).

^cANOVA, df = 1/45.

^dMultivariate Wilks’ Lambda (all dfs = 4/42).

^eMultivariate Wilks’ Lambda (all dfs = 4/37).

^fANOVA, df = 1/41.

^gMultivariate Wilks’ Lambda (all dfs = 2/41).

^hp < 0.05.