Table 2.
Healthy controls Mean (SD) |
Bipolar disorder Mean (SD) |
Statistics (Diagnosis) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males | Females | Males | Females | F | p-value | |
WAIS-III IQb | n = 17 | n = 1 | n = 3 | n = 14 | 0.43 | 0.653 |
Verbal IQ | 110.4 (13.1) | 106.4 (12.9) | 104.5 (22.4) | 103.9 (14.1) | 0.78 | 0.381 |
Performance IQ | 97.8 (12.6) | 99.9 (14.3) | 94.5 (11.8) | 96.4 (11.8) | 0.62 | 0.436 |
Full scale IQc | 105.2 (12.3) | 103.4 (12.1) | 99.3 (20.4) | 100.7 (12.5) | 0.96 | 0.332 |
WAIS-III indicesd | n = 17 | n = 18 | n = 4 | n = 14 | 0.84 | 0.508 |
Verbal comprehension | 110.3 (14.0) | 110.9 (15.0) | 104.3 (22.2) | 109.6 (15.4) | 0.51 | 0.478 |
Perceptual organization | 97.1 (15.1) | 98.9 (15.8) | 93.8 (11.9) | 97.9 (12.0) | 0.20 | 0.661 |
Working memory | 110.7 (16.2) | 101.0 (9.3) | 102.8 (30.0) | 97.9 (11.9) | 1.24 | 0.272 |
Processing speed | 103.7 (10.7) | 104.0 (12.2) | 94.0 (16.8) | 98.7 (13.9) | 3.12 | 0.084 |
WMS-R indicese | n = 13 | n = 14 | n = 3 | n = 14 | 0.84 | 0.511 |
Verbal | 98.8 (14.0) | 92.1 (13.8) | 80.7 (7.6) | 98.9 (20.9) | 0.88 | 0.355 |
Visual | 97.5 (13.7) | 100.4 (16.9) | 87.0 (16.4) | 96.7 (17.3) | 1.42 | 0.241 |
Attention | 99.9 (17.6) | 93.9 (16.6) | 108.7 (17.9) | 89.6 (12.9) | 0.14 | 0.712 |
Delayed recall | 102.1 (18.7) | 97.1 (10.6) | 83.3 (6.8) | 96.4 (21.8) | 2.31 | 0.137 |
General indexf | 99.0 (14.6) | 101.6 (19.7) | 79.7 (11.0) | 98.1 (20.9) | 2.89 | 0.097 |
Trail Making Testg | n = 14 | n = 15 | n = 3 | n = 14 | 3.59 | 0.037h |
Trails A time | 27.6 (12.4) | 30.5 (11.8) | 46.0 (8.2) | 37.1 (17.3) | 6.09 | 0.018h |
Trails B time | 77.5 (60.8) | 77.4 (26.7) | 79.3 (17.7) | 87.5 (50.4) | 0.12 | 0.731 |
There were no significant effects for sex or interactions between group and sex except where noted in the text. WAIS-III = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–third edition; WMS-R = Wechsler Memory Scale–revised.
Test statistic: multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).
Multivariate Wilks’ Lambda (all dfs = 2/44).
ANOVA, df = 1/45.
Multivariate Wilks’ Lambda (all dfs = 4/42).
Multivariate Wilks’ Lambda (all dfs = 4/37).
ANOVA, df = 1/41.
Multivariate Wilks’ Lambda (all dfs = 2/41).
p < 0.05.