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. 2011 Dec 19;287(7):5059–5069. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.315432

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1.

atRAL stimulates ROS production in cultured ARPE19 cells via NADPH oxidase. A, atRAL in DMSO (0.5% v/v final concentration) was applied to cultured ARPE19 cells at indicated concentrations 1 h prior to addition of the ROS probe, DCF-DA. a, images of the ROS signal (green fluorescence) obtained with the same exposure time under a fluorescence microscope. b, average fluorescence intensities recorded and compared with Metamorph imaging software for statistical analyses (means ± S.E.; *, compared with 0 μm, p < 0.01). B, atRAL-stimulated ROS production in ARPE19 cells was verified by another ROS probe, DHE, 1 h after atRAL treatment. a, images of the ROS signal detected by DHE (red fluorescence) were obtained under a fluorescence microscope. b, recorded ROS signals were then compared by using the method described above. C, atRAL and/or the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, APO was applied to cultured ARPE19 cells at concentrations indicated. ROS generation was monitored 1 h after indicated treatments via DCF-DA detection as noted above. a, fluorescence images were recorded with the same exposure times, and b, statistical analyses were performed as noted above (*, compared with control, p < 0.01; #, compared with atRAL 30 μm, p < 0.01; §, compared with control, p > 0.05).