Automated extraction of annular geometry. (a) The annulus (bold curve) is identified as points on the valve boundary mapped to the outer edges of the leaflets’ medial manifolds. Annular landmarks include: (1) the anterior aortic peak, (2) the anterior commissure, (3) the midpoint on the posterior annulus, and (4) the posterior commissure. The line from (1) to (3) represents the septolateral diameter, and the line from (2) to (4) represents the intercommissural width. (b) Annular height is plotted as a function of rotation angle, where 0° corresponds to the anterior aortic peak of the annulus.