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Schematic diagram of the effects by Nell-1 deficiency in context with alterations of Runx2 and Sox9. The horizontal solid arrows or “T” bar implicate activating or inhibitory effects by Nell-1 deficiency. The vertical solid arrows indicate the up and down gene expression or functional effects. The vertical dotted arrows point to the sequential differentiation. IMB: intramembranous bone formation; ECB: endochondral bone formation.
