Table 3.
Comparison of EPT/ELBW and NBW groups in mean scores on cognitive measures.
| Domain/Measure | EPT/ELBW Group n Adj M (SE) |
NBW Group n Adj M (SE) |
F (df) from ANCOVA |
ES |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global Cognitive Ability: | ||||
| WJ-III COG Brief Intellectual Ability (BIA) |
142 87.69 (1.57) | 110 103.91 (1.81) | 40.58*bc | 0.87 |
| Language: | ||||
| WJ-III COG Verbal Comprehension | 144 89.09 (1.46) | 111 100.83 (1.69) | 24.43*bc | 0.67 |
| CTOPP Elision | 142 8.05 (0.22) | 111 9.56 (0.26) | 17.21* | 0.56 |
| CTOPP Blending Words | 142 9.22 (0.19) | 111 10.49 (0.22) | 16.52*bc | 0.55 |
| Spatial and Non-verbal Reasoning : | ||||
| WJ-III COG Concept Formation | 144 92.59 (1.56) | 110 104.44 (1.81) | 21.88*bc | 0.63 |
| WJ-III COG Spatial Relations | 143 94.68 (1.49) | 110 102.96 (1.72) | 11.73*c | 0.46 |
| Memory: | ||||
| Verbal Paired Associates Immediate Recall |
136 9.49 (0.46) | 109 12.27 (0.52) | 14.08*c | 0.52 |
| Verbal Paired Associates Delayed Recall | 135 3.73 (0.20) | 109 5.01 (0.22) | 16.62*c | 0.56 |
| CTOPP Memory for Digits | 141 8.03 (0.27) | 110 9.60 (0.31) | 13.17*c | 0.49 |
| Motor/Visual Motor: | ||||
| WJ-III COG Visual Matching | 143 87.33 (1.56) | 110 102.35 (1.81) | 35.00*abc | 0.80 |
| VMI | 147 88.88 (1.32) | 111 97.15 (1.55) | 14.68*c | 0.52 |
| BOT-2 | 133 41.19 (0.86) | 110 49.58 (0.96) | 37.37*abc | 0.84 |
| Executive Functioning: | ||||
| Shape School Inhibition | 136 0.85 (0.03) | 109 1.05 (0.04) | 15.73*bc | 0.55 |
| Shape School Switching | 134 0.35 (0.01) | 110 0.43 (0.02) | 10.24* | 0.44 |
| Preschool Trails Inhibition | 133 1.20 (0.07) | 106 1.69 (0.08) | 21.85*abc | 0.65 |
| Preschool Trails Switching | 134 0.94 (0.05) | 108 1.26 (0.06) | 14.23*c | 0.52 |
| Nebraska Barnyard | 130 4.67 (0.25) | 108 6.29 (0.28) | 16.53*c | 0.57 |
| Test of Inhibition and Attention GNG | 143 1.46 (0.10) | 111 2.32 (0.11) | 29.72*abc | 0.74 |
| Test of Inhibition and Attention CPT | 143 2.27 (0.11) | 111 3.41 (0.13) | 39.22*abc | 0.85 |
Abbreviations: EPT/ELBW= extremely preterm; NBW = term-born normal birth weight; Adj M (se) = adjusted mean (standard error); ANCOVA = analyses of covariance, controlling for socioeconomic status, race, sex, time in school, and (for unstandardized measures only) age at assessment; ES = effect size as defined by Cohen’s d = mean difference/pooled standard deviation; WJ-III-COG = Woodcock Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities, 3rd Edition; CTOPP = Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing; VMI = Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration; BOT-2 = Bruininks Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 2nd Edition; GNG = Test of Inhibition and Attention condition; CPT = Continuous Performance Test condition.
Significant controlling for WJ-III-COG Verbal Comprehension.
Significant excluding children with BIA < 70 and/or neurosensory impairment.
Significant excluding estimated scores for children who were not testable.
Adjusted p<.01.