Table 3.
Bivariate results for the outcome of major amputation
| Variable | Odds ratio | 95% CI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||
| Q1: 21–61 years | Reference | ||
| Q2: 62–70 years | 0.725 | 0.694, 0.758 | <.0001 |
| Q3: 71–78 years | 0.736 | 0.700, 0.773 | <.0001 |
| Q4: ≥ 79 years | 1.125 | 1.066, 1.188 | <.0001 |
| Race: | |||
| White | Reference | ||
| Black | 2.883 | 2.654, 3.131 | <.0001 |
| Hispanic | 2.154 | 1.940, 2.391 | <.0001 |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 1.794 | 1.455, 2.212 | <.0001 |
| Native American | 2.447 | 1.864, 3.211 | <.0001 |
| Other | 1.284 | 1.089, 1.514 | 0.0029 |
| Gender: | |||
| Male | Reference | ||
| Female | 0.961 | 0.929, 0.994 | 0.0212 |
| Median income by zip code: | |||
| Q1 | 1.763 | 1.599, 1.943 | <.0001 |
| Q2 | 1.364 | 1.244, 1.496 | 0.0189 |
| Q3 | 1.172 | 1.084, 1.268 | <.0001 |
| Q4 | Reference | ||
| Primary payer: | |||
| Medicare | Reference | ||
| Private insurance | 0.556 | 0.527, 0.586 | <.0001 |
| Medicaid | 1.623 | 1.524, 1.728 | <.0001 |
| Uninsured | 1.106 | 0.970, 1.260 | 0.1308 |
| Patient county of residence: | |||
| Large metropolitan | Reference | ||
| Small metropolitan | 1.060 | 0.951, 1.182 | 0.2918 |
| Micopolitan | 1.076 | 0.871, 1.328 | 0.4986 |
| Other | 1.004 | 0.867, 1.162 | 0.9614 |
| Co-morbidity | |||
| Congestive heart failure | 4.158 | 3.881, 4.454 | <.0001 |
| Vavular disease | 1.769 | 1.634, 1.915 | <.0001 |
| Pulmonary circulation disorders | 2.277 | 1.970, 2.632 | <.0001 |
| Peripheral vascular disorders | 0.422 | 0.395, 0.451 | <.0001 |
| Hypertension | 0.766 | 0.736, 0.797 | <.0001 |
| Paralysis | 3.611 | 3.325, 3.923 | <.0001 |
| Neurological disorders | 2.963 | 2.797, 3.138 | <.0001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 0.750 | 0.722, 0.780 | <.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, uncomplicated | 0.616 | 0.587, 0.646 | <.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus with chronic complications | 2.791 | 2.646, 2.945 | <.0001 |
| Hypothyroidism | 0.894 | 0.845, 0.947 | 0.0001 |
| Renal failure | 2.006 | 1.913, 2.103 | <.0001 |
| Liver disease | 1.978 | 1.773, 2.206 | <.0001 |
| Peptic ulcer disease without bleeding | 1.788 | 1.022, 3.129 | 0.0418 |
| Acquired immune deficiency syndrome | 1.634 | 1.129, 2.365 | 0.0093 |
| Lymphoma | 1.212 | 0.981, 1.497 | 0.0755 |
| Metastatic cancer | 1.438 | 1.209, 1.712 | <.0001 |
| Solid tumor without metastases | 1.029 | 0.905, 1.168 | 0.6658 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis/collagen vascular diseases | 0.968 | 0.878, 1.067 | 0.5126 |
| Coagulopathy | 1.614 | 1.483, 1.757 | <.0001 |
| Obesity | 0.746 | 0.694, 0.802 | <.0001 |
| Weight loss | 4.857 | 4.375, 5.392 | <.0001 |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorders | 2.691 | 2.570, 2.818 | <.0001 |
| Chronic blood loss anemia | 1.905 | 1.699, 2.135 | <.0001 |
| Deficiency anemias | 2.468 | 2.349, 2.593 | <.0001 |
| Alcohol abuse | 1.184 | 1.077, 1.302 | 0.0005 |
| Drug abuse | 2.224 | 1.943, 2.547 | <.0001 |
| Psychoses | 2.540 | 2.313, 2.790 | <.0001 |
| Depression | 1.650 | 1.542, 1.766 | <.0001 |
| Diagnostic angiogram | 0.139 | 0.128, 0.150 | <.0001 |
| Admission status: | |||
| Elective | Reference | ||
| Non-elective | 2.434 | 2.261, 2.622 | <.0001 |
| LER volume: | |||
| Q1: 0–11/year | 22.430 | 18.730, 26.862 | <.0001 |
| Q2: 12–71/year | 3.454 | 3.051, 3.911 | <.0001 |
| Q3: 72–248/year | 2.057 | 1.851, 2.287 | <.0001 |
| Q4: ≥ 249/year | Reference | ||
| Hospital location: | |||
| Urban | Reference | ||
| Rural | 1.741 | 1.114, 2.721 | 0.0150 |
| Hospital teaching status: | |||
| Teaching | Reference | ||
| Non-teaching | 1.270 | 1.121, 1.438 | 0.0002 |
| Hospital bed size: | |||
| Small | 1.068 | 0.845, 1.349 | 0.9862 |
| Medium | 1.145 | 1.001, 1.310 | 0.2082 |
| Large | Reference | ||
| Geographic region: | |||
| Northeast | 0.759 | 0.636, 0.906 | 0.1135 |
| Midwest | 0.732 | 0.621, 0.864 | 0.0217 |
| South | Reference | ||
| West | 0.759 | 0.755, 1.060 | 0.3027 |