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The relationship between four critical ecosystem processes undertaken by parrotfishes and human population density at 18 reefs across the Indo-Pacific. The four ecosystem processes are (a) coral predation, (b) bioerosion, (c) grazing and (d) sediment removal. Values are expressed as a proportion of the maximum estimated rates recorded in the present study (rates are estimated based on the abundance of parrotfishes on the study reefs). Reefs follow the order listed for figure 2.
