Figure 2.

Novel vertebrate visitors partially maintain pollination levels in three northern New Zealand plant species. (a–c) 95% (error bars) and 50% (boxes) bootstrap confidence intervals of mean PLI values (crosses) for open (clear) and caged (dark grey) flowers at intact (Little Barrier Island) and invaded (North Island) sites. The light grey shading delimits high pollen limitation (PLI > 0.75). Asterisk, double asterisk and triple asterisk signify significance levels of p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively; n.s. signifies p > 0.05. (d–f) Mean (crosses) bird (light grey) and mammal (dark grey) visitation rates at intact and invaded sites (boxes are 50% bootstrap confidence intervals and error bars are 95% bootstrap confidence intervals). (a,d) present results for M. excelsa, (b,e) for K. excelsa and (c,f) for V. macrocarpa. Numbers in parentheses are sample sizes.