Analysis of genes regulated in stroke preceded by preconditioning with ischemia, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or CpGs. Left: Thirteen genes were regulated in all three conditions. Right: Promoter analysis identified five over-represented transcription response elements (TREs; red) that putatively regulate expression of the thirteen genes (blue). Four of the TREs (IRF, IRF7, IRF8, ISRE) associate with interferon signaling. Modified from Stevens et al, 2011 with permission.