FIG. 4.
Effects of AL, AR, and verapamil on the apparent permeability (Papp) of digoxin across Caco-2 monolayers. (A) The apical to basolateral permeability values PappA→B (black columns) and basolateral to apical permeability values PappB→A (striped columns) were determined as the slope of the linear portion of each transport–time profile. Data are mean+SD values of four independent experiments with three Transwell inserts each. **P<.005, compared with the vehicle control group (B→A). (B) Net efflux was calculated as the ratio of mean B→A Papp to mean A→B Papp.