Table 3.

Clinical studies demonstrating evidence of vascular normalization in human tumors

Tumor type	Antiangiogenic therapy	Changes in vessel structure	Changes in vessel function	Clinical observations
Primary tumors
Rectal carcinoma (n = 32)	Bevacizumab	↓Vessel density, ↑PVC coverage	↓Tumor blood flow, ↓IFP, improved delivery of FDG per vessel	Tumors became pale (Willett et al. 2004, 2009)
Glioblastoma (n = 31)	Cediranib	↓Vessel size	↓Permeability	↓tumor-associated edema, reduced patient need for corticosteroids (Batchelor et al. 2007, 2010)
High grade glioma (n = 5)	Bevacizumab	↓Vascular arcades and glomeruloid vessels		Fischer et al. 2008
Prostate carcinoma (n = 10)	Androgen ablation	Pruning of immature vessels, ↑PVC coverage		Benjamin et al. 1999
Metastatic disease
HER2+ breast cancer brain metastases (n = 22)	Lapatinib (indirect antiangiogenic)	↓Vessel tortuosity		Bullitt et al. 2007