Figure 5.

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) signals via TNF receptor (TNFR) 1 to regulate regulatory T cell (Treg) emergence in infected lungs. Wild-type (WT), TNFR1^–/–, and TNFR2^–/– mice were intranasally infected with 2 × 10⁶ yeasts. Mice were intraperitoneally given bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for 2 consecutive days before being killed. At day 7 postinfection, the percentage of CD4⁺ cells that were Foxp3⁺ (A), the absolute number of CD4⁺ Foxp3⁺ cells (B), and the percentage of CD4⁺ Foxp3⁺ that incorporated BrdU (C) in the lungs were measured by flow cytometry. Data represent the mean ± SEM (n = 8–12) from 2–3 experiments. *P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.