Table 1.

Selected candidate microbicides in sexually transmitted infection clinical trials.

Microbicide candidate (developer)	Method of action; preparation	Phase	Reference/ClinicalTrials.gov identifier
Truvada, a combination of FTC (Emtriva) and TDF (Viread)*	(NRTI, oral)	III	NCT00625404
Tenofovir (IPM/CONRAD)	NtRTI; gel	IIb	[80] NCT00441298
Dapivirine (IPM)	NNRTI; gel or ring	I/II	NCT00799058
UC-781 (Biosyn Inc)	NNRTI; gel	I	NCT00385554
PRO-2000 (Endo Pharmaceuticals Solutions Inc)	Entry/fusion inhibitor; gel	III**	[23,81]*** NCT00262106
SPL-7013 (Starpharma Holdings Ltd/Biomecular Research Institute Ltd)	Entry/fusion inhibitor, dendrimer; gel	I**	[27] NCT00442910
Acidform	Vaginal defense enhancer, pH modifier; gel	I	[82] NCT00850837

Compounds listed are representative of the major types (categorized by mode of action) under evaluation in clinical trials. For a comprehensive, and continuously updated list of microbicides in clinical trials, access the Microbicides website (see reference [83]).

^*Truvada has been launched for the treatment of HIV infection, but is in clinical trials as a microbicide.

^**Denotes clinical trials that have been completed.

^***No significant protection observed.

CONRAD Contraceptive Research and Development Organization, IPM International Partnership for Micobicides, NRTI nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor, NtRTI nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor, NNRTI non-nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor, TDF tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, FTC emtricitabine