Table 2. Association of malaria infection and other factors in Zambezia province.
| Children | Malaria infection | Univariate Analysis | ||||
| Factors | N(%)* | % | P value | Trendˆ | OR§, 95%CI, p-value | |
| Gender of children tested | ||||||
| Male | 3896(47.0) | 49.0 | 1 | |||
| Female | 4390(53.0) | 46.8 | = 0.27 | 0.9(0.8–1.1)p = 0.395 | ||
| Age groups of children (years) | ||||||
| 1–3 | 2035(24.4) | 43.6 | 1 | |||
| 4–6 | 2649(31.8) | 49.3 | 1.3(1.1–1.6)p = 0.001 | |||
| 7–9 | 1810(21.7) | 51.7 | 1.5(1.2–1.8)p = 0.001 | |||
| 10–15 | 1844(22.1) | 46.6 | <0.012 | 0.013 | 1.2(0.9–1.5)p = 0.14 | |
| Children with history of fever past 4 weeks | ||||||
| No | 4756(58.8) | 46.4 | 1 | |||
| Yes | 3338(41.2) | 50.5 | = 0.12 | 1.2(0.9–1.4) p = 0.05 | ||
| Children with current fever | ||||||
| No | 7338(88.2) | 46.7 | 1 | |||
| Yes | 986(11.8) | 56.7 | = 0.037 | 1.2(0.8–1.8) p = 0.69 | ||
| Children who slept under any net previous night | ||||||
| No | 5453(67.4) | 51.0 | 1 | |||
| Yes | 2638(32.6) | 42.0 | = 0.005 | 0.8(0.6–1.0)p = 0.048 | ||
| Children living in IRS house and sleeping under ITN | ||||||
| No IRS & not sleeping under ITN | 1881(27.6) | 60.6 | 1 | |||
| IRS & sleeping under ITN | 1047(15.4) | 32.3 | 0.4(0.2–0.6)p = 0.001 | |||
| IRS & not sleeping under ITN | 3387(49.7) | 46.2 | 0.6(0.4–0.9)p = 0.013 | |||
| No IRS & sleeping under ITN | 498(7.3) | 59.4 | = 0.0034 | 1.0(0.7–1.5)p = 0.82 | ||
| Children living in household practicing other prevention measures than IRS & ITN | ||||||
| No other prevention practice | 2747(33.0) | 54.4 | 1 | |||
| Any other prevention practices | 5591(67.0) | 44.6 | = 0.0023 | 0.8(0.6–0.9)p = 0.014 | ||
| Size of household in which children live | ||||||
| 1–4 people | 1817(22.0) | 45.3 | 1 | |||
| 5–7 people | 4570(55.5) | 49.8 | 1.3(1.1–1.6)p = 0.001 | |||
| 8–15 people | 1851(22.5) | 45.7 | = 0.065 | 0.845 | 1.3(1.0–1.6)p = 0.027 | |
| Children if parents with different level of education | ||||||
| None | 3167(42.4) | 55.7 | 1 | |||
| Primary/Secondary | 3116(41.7) | 44.6 | 0.5(0.4–0.6)p<0.0001 | |||
| Tertiary | 1195(15.9) | 30.3 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.3(0.2–0.5)p<0.0001 | |
| Children living in household with different wealth index (SES) | ||||||
| 1st quartile (poorest) | 2324(28.0) | 54.4 | 1 | |||
| 2nd quartile | 1829(22.0) | 52.2 | 0.9(0.6–1.1)p = 0.286 | |||
| 3rd quartile | 2031(24.5) | 52.1 | 0.8(0.6–1.0)p = 0.058 | |||
| 4th quartile (wealthiest) | 2112(25.5) | 33.0 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.4(0.3–0.5) p<0.0001 | |
| Roof material of house in which children live | ||||||
| Without grass roof | 1528(22.4) | 33.4 | 1 | |||
| With grass roof | 5304(77.6) | 55.2 | = 0.0004 | 1.8(1.2–2.7)p = 0.004 | ||
| Children living in households with farm animals | ||||||
| Chicken(s) | 0 | 4591(55.2) | 46.2 | 1 | ||
| ≥1 | 3734(44.8) | 49.8 | = 0.35 | 1.2(0.9–1.5)p = 0.23 | ||
| Goat(s) | 0 | 7715(92.5) | 47.4 | 1 | ||
| ≥1 | 623(7.5) | 53.1 | = 0.25 | 1.3(0.8–1.9)p = 0.253 | ||
| Sheep | 0 | 8319(99.8) | 47.9 | 1 | ||
| ≥1 | 19(0.2) | 31.6 | = 0.12 | 0.5(0.3–1.0)p = 0.042 | ||
| Cow(s) | 0 | 8319(99.8) | 47.8 | 1 | ||
| ≥1 | 19(0.2) | 55.6 | = 0.75 | 1.0(0.1–7.6)p = 0.98 | ||
| Pig(s) | 0 | 8113(97.3) | 47.2 | 1 | ||
| ≥1 | 225(2.7) | 70.1 | = 0.0014 | 3.1(2.0–4.7)p<0.001 | ||
| Year of survey | ||||||
| 2006 | 2610(31.3) | 51.9 | 1 | |||
| 2007 | 2845(34.1) | 60.3 | 1.5(1.1–2.0) p = 0.024 | |||
| 2008 | 2883(34.6) | 31.8 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.4(0.3–0.7) p = 0.001 | |
*N(%) = number of children and % in each category.
ˆ P-value based on a non-parametric test for trend.
§
Adjusted for age, asset index and year of survey.