Table 2.
Risk factors for extreme delay in diagnosis (n = 228)
| Nine months or less (%) | Ten months or more (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 172 (75) | 56 (25) | – | – |
| Site | ||||
| Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital | 47 (72) | 18 (28) | 1.00 (ref) | – |
| VIMHANS Hospital | 125 (77) | 38 (23) | 0.79 (0.42–1.55) | – |
| State of residence | ||||
| Delhia | 98 (81) | 23 (19) | 1.00 (ref) | – |
| Haryanaa | 10 (67) | 5 (33) | 2.13 (0.62–6.63) | – |
| Uttar Pradesha | 49 (70) | 21 (30) | 1.83 (0.92–3.63) * | – |
| Othera | 15 (68) | 7 (32) | 1.99 (0.69–5.31) * | – |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 94 (78) | 26 (22) | 1.00 (ref) | – |
| Male | 78 (72) | 30 (28) | 1.39 (0.76–2.56) | – |
| Age | ||||
| ≤30 | 84 (80) | 21 (20) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| ≥ 31 | 88 (72) | 35 (28) | 1.59 (0.86–2.99) * | 2.33 (1.23–4.94) ** |
| Religion | ||||
| Hindu | 139 (78) | 40 (22) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Muslim | 17 (59) | 12 (41) | 2.45 (1.06–5.54) ** | 2.91 (1.20–7.08) ** |
| Other | 16 (80) | 4 (20) | 0.87 (0.24–2.53) | 0.71 (0.19–2.14) |
| Education statusb | ||||
| Low | 38 (72) | 15 (28) | 1.00 (ref) | – |
| Medium | 59 (81) | 14 (19) | 0.60 (0.26–1.39) | – |
| High | 75 (74) | 27 (26) | 0.91 (0.44–1.95) | – |
| Monthly incomeb | ||||
| Lowa | 62 (70) | 26 (30) | 1.00 (ref) | – |
| Mediuma | 35 (73) | 13 (27) | 0.89 (0.40–1.92) | – |
| Higha | 65 (82) | 14 (18) | 0.51 (0.24–1.06) * | – |
| Unknowna | 10 (77) | 3 (23) | 0.72 (0.15–2.56) | – |
| Current professionb | ||||
| Unemployed | 24 (77) | 7 (23) | 1.00 (ref) | – |
| Normal unemployed | 50 (67) | 25 (33) | 1.71 (0.67–4.79) | – |
| Student | 37 (86) | 6 (14) | 0.56 (0.16–1.87) | – |
| Semi-skilled | 22 (71) | 9 (29) | 1.40 (0.45–4.54) | – |
| Professional | 39 (81) | 9 (19) | 0.79 (0.26–2.48) | – |
| Tobacco use | ||||
| Current or past | 28 (76) | 9 (24) | 1.00 (ref) | – |
| Never | 144 (75) | 47 (25) | 1.02 (0.46–2.42) | – |
| Alcohol use | ||||
| Current or past | 31 (84) | 6 (16) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Never | 141 (74) | 50 (26) | 1.83 (0.77–5.10) * | 2.33 (0.91–6.80) |
| Health insurance | ||||
| No | 128 (75) | 43 (25) | 1.00 (ref) | – |
| Yes | 44 (77) | 13 (23) | 0.88 (0.42–1.75) | – |
| General healthcare centre | ||||
| Governmenta | 56 (80) | 14 (20) | 1.00 (ref) | – |
| Privatea | 105 (75) | 35 (25) | 1.33 (0.67–2.75) | – |
| Othera | 11 (61) | 7 (39) | 2.54 (0.81–7.74) * | – |
| Cost for general healthcare visit (rupees) | ||||
| <50a | 54 (74) | 19 (26) | 1.00 (ref) | – |
| <50–100a | 27 (63) | 16 (37) | 1.68 (0.75–3.80) | – |
| <200a | 27 (79) | 7 (21) | 0.74 (0.26–1.91) | – |
| <300a | 20 (74) | 7 (26) | 0.99 (0.35–2.65) * | – |
| >300a | 44 (86) | 7 (14) | 0.45 (0.16–1.13) | – |
| Time to general healthcare centre | ||||
| <30 mina | 163 (76) | 52 (24) | 1.00 (ref) | – |
| >30 mina | 9 (69) | 4 (31) | 1.39 (0.37–4.47) | – |
| Distance to general healthcare centre | ||||
| 1 km | 91 (75) | 31 (25) | 1.00 (ref) | – |
| 2–3 km | 43 (75) | 14 (25) | 0.96 (0.45–1.95) | – |
| >4 km | 38 (78) | 11 (22) | 0.85 (0.37–1.82) | – |
| First healthcare centre | ||||
| Government | 66 (73) | 25 (27) | 1.00 (ref) | – |
| Private | 97 (80) | 25 (20) | 0.68 (0.36–1.29) | – |
| Other | 9 (60) | 6 (40) | 1.76 (0.54–5.40) | – |
aVariable included in the backwards stepwise multivariate logistic regression model but eliminated
bSee Appendix B for definitions of education, income and profession
* p < 0.20
** p < 0.05
*** p < 0.01