Table 4.
Risk factors for severe disease at time of diagnosis (n = 161)
| Nonsevere (%) | Severe (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 107 (66) | 54 (34) | – | – |
| Site | ||||
| Guru Teg Bahadur hospitala | 24 (48) | 26 (52) | 1.00 (ref) | – |
| VIMHANS hospitala | 83 (75) | 28 (25) | 0.31 (0.15–0.62) *** | – |
| State of residence | ||||
| Delhi | 56 (64) | 32 (36) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Haryana | 8 (89) | 1 (11) | 0.22 (0.01–1.27) * | 0.20 (0.01–1.53) |
| Uttar Pradesh | 35 (71) | 14 (29) | 0.70 (0.32–1.47) | 1.02 (0.37–2.77) |
| Other | 8 (53) | 7 (47) | 1.53 (0.49–4.66) | 4.33 (1.06–18.93) ** |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 54 (68) | 26 (33) | 1.00 (ref) | – |
| Male | 53 (65) | 28 (35) | 1.10 (0.57–2.12) | – |
| Age | ||||
| ≤ 30 | 42 (55) | 34 (45) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| ≥ 31 | 65 (76) | 20 (24) | 0.38 (0.20–0.74) *** | 0.32 (0.13–0.76) *** |
| Religion | ||||
| Hindu | 83 (65) | 44 (35) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Muslim | 9 (50) | 9 (50) | 1.89 (0.69–5.17) | 0.71 (0.20–2.43) |
| Other | 15 (94) | 1 (6) | 0.13 (0.01–0.65) ** | 0.01 (0.01–0.65) ** |
| Educational statusb | ||||
| Low | 19 (48) | 21 (53) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Medium | 32 (64) | 18 (36) | 0.51 (0.22–1.18) * | 0.41 (0.14–1.14) |
| High | 56 (79) | 15 (21) | 0.24 (0.10–0.56) *** | 0.20 (0.06–0.62) *** |
| Monthly incomeb | ||||
| Lowa | 31 (50) | 31 (50) | 1.00 (ref) | – |
| Mediuma | 26 (72) | 10 (28) | 0.38 (0.15–0.91) ** | – |
| Higha | 47 (82) | 10 (18) | 0.21 (0.09–0.48) *** | – |
| Unknowna | 3 (50) | 3 (50) | 1.00 (0.17–5.77) | – |
| Current professionb | ||||
| Unemployed | 13 (59) | 9 (41) | 1.00 (ref) | – |
| Normal unemployed | 37 (70) | 16 (30) | 0.62 (0.22–1.78) | – |
| Student | 16 (57) | 12 (43) | 1.08 (0.35–3.41) | – |
| Semi skilled | 17 (68) | 8 (32) | 0.68 (0.20–2.25) | – |
| Professional | 24 (73) | 9 (27) | 0.54 (0.17–1.70) | – |
| Tobacco use | ||||
| Current or past | 20 (71) | 8 (29) | 1.00 (ref) | – |
| Never | 87 (65) | 46 (35) | 1.32 (0.56–3.40) | – |
| Alcohol use | ||||
| Current or pasta | 22 (79) | 6 (21) | 1.00 (ref) | – |
| Nevera | 85 (64) | 48 (36) | 2.07 (0.83–5.94) * | – |
| Health insurance | ||||
| No | 78 (64) | 44 (36) | 1.00 (ref) | – |
| Yes | 29 (74) | 10 (26) | 0.61 (0.26–1.34) | – |
| General healthcare center | ||||
| Government | 24 (57) | 18 (43) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Private | 73 (69) | 33 (31) | 0.60 (0.29–1.27) * | 0.46 (0.15–1.30) |
| Other | 10 (77) | 3 (23) | 0.40 (0.08–1.53) * | 0.17 (0.03–0.87) ** |
| Cost for general healthcare visit (rupees) | ||||
| <50a | 36 (71) | 15 (29) | 1.00 (ref) | – |
| <50–100a | 18 (56) | 14 (44) | 1.87 (0.74–4.74) * | – |
| <200a | 16 (67) | 8 (33) | 1.20 (0.41–3.37) | – |
| <300a | 16 (67) | 8 (33) | 1.20 (0.41–3.37) | – |
| >300a | 21 (70) | 9 (30) | 1.03 (0.37–2.73) | – |
| Delay in diagnosis | ||||
| <9 months | 85 (70) | 36 (30) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| >10 months | 22 (55) | 18 (45) | 1.93 (0.92–4.03) * | 2.67 (1.05–6.99) ** |
| First health center | ||||
| Government | 37 (65) | 20 (35) | 1.00 (ref) | – |
| Private | 57 (63) | 34 (37) | 1.10 (0.56–2.22) | – |
| Other | 13 (100) | 0 (0) | 0.00 | – |
| Time to general healthcare center | ||||
| <30 mina | 104 (68) | 48 (32) | 1.00 (ref) | – |
| >30 mina | 3 (33) | 6 (67) | 4.33 (1.10–21.22) ** | – |
| Distance to general healthcare center | ||||
| 1 km | 55 (64) | 31 (36) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 2–3 km | 38 (85) | 7 (16) | 0.33 (0.12–0.78) ** | 0.48 (0.16–1.36) |
| >4 km | 14 (47) | 16 (53) | 2.03 (0.88–4.76) * | 2.44 (0.79–7.80) |
a Variable was included in the backwards stepwise multivariate logistic regression model but eliminated
b See appendix B for definitions of education, income, and profession
* p < 0.20
** p < 0.05
*** p < 0.01