Fig. 1.

Sound production in M. elongata and chirp plasticity. a Chirps of solo singing M. elongata male. b Chirp duration and rate, and duty cycle (proportion of signal ON-time) in a typical song bout of a solo singing male. c Laservibrometry of forewing movements during chirp production shown as displacement and velocity. Wing oscillations are apparent in the spiky velocity trace (upper trace). Note that loud hemi-syllables are generated during wing opening and soft hemi-syllables during wing closing movements (see magnification in the bottom trace). d Comparison of a chirp produced by a male during solo singing, and as follower chirp in an entrainment experiment. Note the reduction in chirp duration of the follower chirp. For average values see Table 1