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Effects of substrate concentrations on retinoid metabolism in primary astrocytes. Primary astrocytes were cultured for 1 month and incubated 4 h with graded concentrations of retinol or retinal. atRA concentrations in the medium (solid line) and cells (dashed line) were quantified by LC/MS/MS: retinol (A) and retinal (C). B, RE biosynthesis from esterification of retinol; and D, retinol biosynthesis from reduction of retinal in cells. Error bars, means ± S.E.
