Table 3.
Influenza-related Hospitalizations in Children with and without Sickle Cell Disease
| IRH without SCD (N=7,737) |
IRH with SCD (N=159) |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Child attributes | |||
| Mean age ± SD (years) | 2.8 ± 4.3 | 5.6 ± 5.6 | <0.0001 |
| <1 year (N(%)) | 3,279 (42) | 24 (15) | |
| 1 year | 1,143 (15) | 27 (17) | |
| 2 years | 1,028 (13) | 23 (14) | |
| 3–5 years | 917 (12) | 21 (13) | |
| >5 years | 1,370 (18) | 64 (40) | <0.0001 |
| Female (N(%)) | 3,290 (43) | 81 (51) | 0.03 |
| Race (N(%)) | |||
| White | 2,852 (37) | −a (1.9) | |
| Black | 1,303 (17) | 135 (85) | |
| Hispanic | 2,276 (29) | −a (5.7) | |
| Asian / Pacific Islander | 296 (3.8) | −a (0) | |
| Native American | 25 (0.32) | −a (0) | |
| Other / Missing | 985 (13) | 12 (7.5) | <0.001 |
| Urban / rural residence (N(%)) | |||
| Large metro (≥1,000,000 residents) | 5,517 (71) | 141 (89) | |
| Small metro (<1,000,000 residents) | 1,799 (23) | 17 (11) | |
| Micropolitan area | 226 (2.9) | −a (0) | |
| Other / missing | 195 (2.5) | −a (0.63) | <0.001 |
| Hospitalization attributes | |||
| Admission source (N(%)) | |||
| Emergency department | 4,718 (61) | 120 (75) | |
| Ambulatory (non-ED) | 2,435 (31) | 36 (23) | |
| Other hospital | 576 (7.4) | −a (1.9) | |
| [Missing] | −a (0.10) | −a (0) | 0.001 |
| Procedures reported (N(%)) | |||
| Mechanical ventilation | 336 (4.3) | −a (0) | 0.007 |
| Respiratory medication administered by nebulizer | 432 (5.6) | −a (0.63) | 0.007 |
| Other oxygen enrichment | 205 (2.6) | −a (1.3) | 0.28 |
| Transfusion | 143 (1.8) | 20 (13) | <0.001 |
| Injection of antibiotics | 450 (5.8) | −a (5.7) | 0.93 |
| Lumbar puncture | 1,046 (14) | −a (1.3) | <0.001 |
| Mean length of stay | 4.2 days | 3.4 days | 0.27 |
| Mean total charges | $18,779 | $11,924 | 0.11 |
| Primary expected payer (N(%)) | |||
| Medicaid | 4,198 (54) | 101 (64) | |
| Private insurance | 2,872 (37) | 38 (24) | |
| Other | 677 (8.6) | 20 (13) | 0.002 |
| Deaths (N(%)) | 45 (0.58) | −a (0) | 0.34 |
a
The AHRQ HCUP Data Use Agreement precludes reporting of cell counts when cells comprise 10 or fewer hospitalizations.